1. Seminar on, Power Line Career Communication
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted to:
Dr. Abhimanyu Mohapatra,
& Dr. Ranjan Ku. Jena
Lecturers , Dept of
Electrical Engineering,
CET.
submitted by:
Soumya Mishra
Regd no-0901106013

2. 


Fast and efficient communication is a
prerequisite for the management of modern
power systems.
To maintain a large power grid in optimum
working condition,the central load despatcher
has to have at his command a large battery
of communication systems.
For this the load dispatcher may use the
commercial P&T telephone system using
underground cables or open wires or VHF
wireless communication.

3. 
a.
b.
c.
But for communication over medium and long
distances in a power network,Power Line
Carrier Communication is the most
economical and reliable method of
communication. This is because of :
The higher mechanical strength and
insulation level of HV powerlines.
Lower attenuation over longer distances.
Absence of additional communication lines.

4. 
Like any other communication system in PLCC
the three basic blocks of communication are:
1) transmitter 2) Channel and 3) Receiver

5. 
In PLCC we use wired channel of
communication.

6. 

The idea of Power line communication came
into picture in 20th century and practically
this idea came into operation in several
countries after 1920.
In early time antennae similar to those used
in radio work were being used to couple
telephone systems into powerline systems.

7. 

But due to their inefficiency owing to their
length and interference with nearby long
wave radio transmitters they were replaced by
oil and paper capacitors by about 1930.
These coupling capacitors could withstand
high voltages and serve as effective coupling
devices for power line carrier communication.

8. These early PLC communication systems
today handle not only speech communication
but also:
 Telemetry
 Tele-signaling
 Tele-control
 Tele-printer
 Tele-protection signals.


9. 
1.
2.
3.




The various components of PLC
communication includes:
Carrier Signals
Modulation
Coupling arrangements
Wave traps
Coupling capacitors
Drainage coil
The line matching unit

10. 

The carrier signals used in modern PLC
systems are audio frequency currents of
frequencies between 24khz to 500khz.
The use of audio frequency carrier currents
enables several channels of communication
to be held over a single physical circuit.

11. The frequency limits are decided basing on
the following points:
 Ease of separation between power frequency
and radio frequency
 Cost of coupling equipments
 Radiation losses
 Signal to noise ratio in the communication
circuit
 Interference to and from other services

12. 

We use the word modulation to mean the
systematic alteration of one waveform, called
the carrier, according to the characteristic of
another waveform, the modulating signal or
the message.
In Continuous Wave (CW) modulation
schemes, the carrier is a sinusoid.

13. The various advantages of modulation are:
 Ease of radiation
 Efficient transmission
 Multiplexing
 Frequency assignment
 Improvement of signal to noise ratio

14. 
The four important types of linear modulation
schemes are:
1) Double Sideband, Suppressed Carrier
(DSB-SC)
2) Double Sideband, Large Carrier (DSB-LC)
(also called conventional AM or simply AM)
3) Single Sideband (SSB)
4) Vestigial Sideband (VSB)

16. 
Let gm denotes the amplitude sensitivity (or
gain constant) of the modulator, with the
units per volt (we assume that m(t ) and Ac
are in volts). Then the modulator output s (t )
is,
s (t ) = gm m(t ) (Ac cos(ωc t ))
For convenience, let gm = 1. Then,
s (t ) = Ac m(t )cos(ωc t )

17. i.
ii.
There are two popular methods for
generation of single side band sinals:
Frequency discrimination method
Phase discrimination method

18. 
Frequency discrimination method
Conceptually, it is a very simple scheme.
First generate a DSB signal an then filter out
the unwanted sideband.

21. 



This scheme requires:
two product modulators
two π/2 phase shifters and an adder.
One of the phase shifter is actually a Hilbert
transformer (HT); it should provide a π/2
phase shift for all the components in M(f ) .

24. 

The received SSB signal is multiplied by the
local carrier which is of the same frequency
and phase as the carrier used at the
transmitter.
In the output we get the spectrum centered at
± 2fc which will be eliminated by the LPF
following v (t ).

25. Wave traps:
Wave traps prevent the carrier currents
from entering into the power equipments in
the stations removing the chances of:
 High attenuation
 Complete loss of signals


26. 
o
o
These wave traps consist of choke coils
connected in series with the power lines and
offer:
Negligible impedance to power frequency
currents
But a suitably high impedance to the radio
frequency carrier currents.

27. Vertical Pedestal
Suspension

28. Corona ring
Lifting lug
Terminal
Main coil
Tuning device
Pedestal
Protective
device
Tie rod

29. Modern coupling capacitors are designed to
obtain,
 Highest possible surge withstand capacity
 Highest cutoff frequency
 Lowest series resistance at carrier
frequencies.

30. 
The drainage coil serves to ground the power
frequency charging current of the capacitor
and allows the carrier frequency current to
appear in the output of the unit.
The line matching unit:
It consists of the matching transformer and
tuning capacitors and is generally tuned to a
wide band of carrier frequencies(100450khz).

31. 



Phase to ground coupling
Phase to phase coupling
Inter line or inter circuit coupling
CVT coupling

33. Advantages:
 More economical than all others.
 Disadvantages:
 Loss of carrier current.
 Carrier energy & radiation losses are more.
 Noise pick ups are correspondingly higher.
Applications:
 Short or unimportant lines where carrier
protection is not essential.

35. Advantages:
 The third conductor has no appreciable effect
on carrier current transmission.
 Switching conditions have little effect on
transmission.
 Signal attenuation is less.
 More reliable over longer distances.
Application:
 Used in load dispatch work.

37. Advantages:
 It is more reliable than phase to phase coupling
on the same circuit as it permits operation with
one of the two circuits opened out & grounded
for maintenance.
 More reliable under broken conductor conditions.
Applications:
 In 220kv and 400kv lines where interference
levels are high.
 In long110kv lines where attenuation is a
problem.

39. Cabinet
Module

41. 


Now a day PLC communication is finding
application in domestic and many corporate
sectors also.
Spread spectrum is the main field of research
these days.
Very soon this system will have a wide range
of applications due to its reliability, fastness
and more economic features.

42. Thank You