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1. BIOS242 Human Papilloma Virus Epidemiology Paper
BIOS242 Human Papilloma Virus Epidemiology PaperBIOS242 Human Papilloma Virus
Epidemiology PaperFor this assignment, you will identify a pathogen in a newspaper article
or publication of your choice, apply principles learned in BIOS 242, and research the
pathogen for its connection to nursing/health care. You must get approval for your chosen
article and pathogen. You will then write a paper on their chosen pathogen/topic.The
pathogen can be a bacteria, fungus, protozoa, or virus. In addition to the article, information
to include in the paper should include, morphology, gram stain characteristics, virulence
factors, susceptibility to antibiotics, host cells, nutritional needs, growth conditions,
mechanisms used to evade the immune system and invasion into the host(s), interactions
with the hosts and diseases caused and affected body systems. Additionally, students should
explain symptoms when the pathogen infects a host, as well as a diagnosis and the
therapeutic intervention needed after infection. You may also add information on statistics
related to infection (epidemiology) and any new research findings related to the
pathogen.Writing Requirements (APA format)Length: 2 pages (not including title page or
references page)1-inch marginDouble spaced12-point Times New Roman fontTitle
pageReferences page (minimum of 2 scholarly sources)below are the attachment of the
rubric and the articles.ORDER NOW FOR CUSTOMIZED, PLAGIARISM-FREE PAPERSQUICK
LESSON Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Description/Etiology The human papillomavirus
(HPV) is a double-stranded DNA virus of the family Papovaviridae. There are over 150 types
of HPV. Approximately 40 HPV types are sexually transmitted and affect the genital area,
while the remainder produce warts that affect the hands, fingers, and feet (e.g., plantar
warts, flat warts, butcher’s warts). HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted
disease (STD) worldwide. Genital HPV infections can produce genital warts (also known as
venereal warts and condylomata acuminata) and cancers of the cervix, vagina, vulva, anus,
penis, and oropharynx. (For information on genital warts, see Quick Lesson About …
Condylomata Acuminata (Genital Warts) , Quick Lesson About … Cervical Cancer: an
Overview , and related Quick Lessons). ICD-9 079.4 ICD-10 B97.7 Authors Tanja Schub, BS
Cinahl Information Systems, Glendale, CA Jeanne Parks-Chapman, RN, BSN Cinahl
Information Systems, Glendale, CA Reviewers Rosalyn McFarland, DNP, RN, APNP, FNP-BC
Cinahl Information Systems, Glendale, CA Sara Richards, MSN, RN Cinahl Information
Systems, Glendale, CA Nursing Practice Council Glendale Adventist Medical Center, Glendale,
CA Editor Diane Pravikoff, RN, PhD, FAAN Cinahl Information Systems, Glendale, CA October
20, 2017 HPV types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, and 68 are considered

2. oncogenic (i.e., capable of malignant transformation). Types 6 and 11 cause > 90% of all
genital warts and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (i.e., a disease characterized by
warty growths in the upper airway that may cause voice changes and airway obstruction),
and types 16 and 18 cause ~ 70% of cervical cancers. BIOS242 Human Papilloma Virus
Epidemiology PaperHPV is transmitted primarily through sexual—including oral, genital-
to-hand, and genital-to-genital—contact, although it can also be spread by skin-to-skin (e.g.,
kissing) contact. Fomites (i.e., inanimate objects capable of retaining and transmitting
infectious agents; e.g., towels) have been suggested as a means of nonsexual transmission.
Maternal HPV can infect the newborn during vaginal delivery, resulting in the development
of respiratory papillomatosis in the infant. HPV infections are often asymptomatic but may
present as abnormal cells or tissue growth, which can be detected by Papanicolaou (Pap)
tests, or as genital warts, which are soft, pink- or flesh-colored bumps or growths that
appear in and around the anogenital area or in the mouth or throat after oral sex with an
infected individual. Treatment of HPV-related warts includes podofilox, imiquimod cream,
podophyllin resin, trichloroacetic or bichloracetic acid, cryotherapy, or surgery by excision,
curettage, or electrosurgery. For large warts, surgery may be required. Treatment of HPV-
related cancer may involve surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation therapy. Two vaccines
that protect against HPV infection are available. Gardasil 9 protects against HPV types 6, 11,
16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58, and Cervarix protects against HPV types 16 and 18. (As of late
2016 only Gardasil 9 is being distributed in the United States). BIOS242 Human Papilloma
Virus Epidemiology PaperThe United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
(ACIP) recommends HPV vaccination in both males and females aged 11–12years, with
clinician discretion for use in those as young as 9 years of age; the ACIP also recommends a
catch-up vaccination for females aged 13–26 years and males 13–21, who have not been
previously vaccinated or who have not completed the full vaccination series. As of
December 2016, the ACIP recommends the use of a two-doseschedule for girls and boys
who initiate the vaccination series at aged 9–14 years, and a three-dose schedule if the
vaccination series is initiated at ages 15–26years. The American College of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists endorses these recommendations. Facts and Figures About 79 million
people in the U.S. are infected with HPV and ~ 14 million new cases occur each year in
individuals between the ages of 15 and 59 years. In the U.S., young Published by Cinahl
Information Systems, a division of EBSCO Information Services. Copyright©2017, Cinahl
Information Systems. All rights reserved. No part of this may be reproduced or utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or
by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publisher. Cinahl Information Systems accepts no liability for advice or information given
herein or errors/omissions in the text. It is merely intended as a general informational
overview of the subject for the healthcare professional. Cinahl Information Systems, 1509
Wilson Terrace, Glendale, CA 91206 adults between the ages of 15 and 24 years account for
~ 50% of the new HPV infections each year. Most HPV infections are asymptomatic and
transient; 70% of women with cervical HPV infection clear the infection within 1 year and
90% do so within 2 years. HPV causes 100% of cervical cancers, 90% of anal cancers, 40%
of vaginal cancers, 40% of vulvar cancers, 12% of oropharyngeal cancers, and 3% of oral

3. cancers. Each year in the U.S., HPV is thought to cause 360,000 cases of genital warts, more
than 12,000 cases of cervical cancer, more than 8,400 cases of oropharyngeal cancer (80%
of which occur in men), 4,300 cases of anal cancer (35% of which occur in men), and 2,600
cases of vulvar and vaginal cancer. Risk Factors Multiple sex partners, sex with a partner
who has had multiple sex partners, unprotected sex, having another STD, and sexual
intercourse at a young age are all risk factors for genital HPV infection. Cigarette smoking
and oral contraceptive use also increase the risk for HPV infection (see Food for Thought,
below). Circumcision in men has been found to reduce the risk of transmitting HPV. Signs
and Symptoms/Clinical Presentation › BIOS242 Human Papilloma Virus Epidemiology
PaperGenital warts: single or multiple soft, pink- or flesh-colored bumps or growths that
can be raised, flat, or cauliflower-shaped that appear on the penis, scrotum, groin, anus, or
thigh in men and on the cervix, vulva, or in and around the anus or vagina in women ›
Cervical cancer: foul-smelling vaginal discharge, back or pelvic pain, painful urination, blood
in the stool or urine, and abnormal bleeding (e.g., between periods, after sexual intercourse,
after menopause) Assessment › Physical Findings of Particular Interest • Genital warts are
diagnosed by visual inspection; raised, flat, or cauliflower-shaped warts may be present on
the genitalia and/or other areas in individuals with HPV-related warts • Abnormal bleeding,
vaginal discharge, painful urination, and pain during sexual intercourse are common in
women who present with HPV-related cervical cancer › Laboratory Tests That May Be
Ordered • Histopathologic analysis of the biopsied wart or wart tissue may show HPV • A
cervical Pap test, a colposcopy, and HPV DNA test screens for HPV in women. There is no
approved test to detect HPV in men • Histologic analysis of biopsied cervical tissue may
show cervical cancer › Other Diagnostic Tests/Studies • CT scan, MRI, PET scan, or other
tests may be ordered if metastasis is suspected Treatment Goals › Administer Prescribed
Agents to Resolve HPV Infection and Reduce Risk of Complications • Assess all physiologic
systems and review laboratory/diagnostic study results; immediately report abnormalities
and treat, as ordered –See the Quick Lessons referenced above for details of treatment
strategies specific to genital warts and cervical and other HPV-related cancers • Follow
facility pre- and post-treatment protocols if patient becomes a candidate for surgery,
chemotherapy, or radiation therapy; reinforce pre- and posttreatment education and verify
completion of facility informed consent documents; monitor closely for complications
following treatment • Monitor treatment efficacy and for adverse treatment effects ›
Provide Emotional Support and Educate About Risk-Reduction Strategies • Assess patient’s
anxiety level and coping ability; educate and encourage discussion about HPV infection,
potential complications, treatment risks and benefits, risk-reduction strategies, the
importance of continued medical surveillance, and individualized prognosis • Educate that
the treating clinician may request testing for additional STDs • Educate pregnant patients
that antenatal screening is recommended to minimize or eliminate risk of HPV transmission
to the fetus or infant • Encourage asking the treating clinician about HPV vaccines, if
appropriate • Request referral to a mental health clinician, if appropriate, for counseling on
coping strategies, particularly for patients with HPV-related cancers Food for Thought ›
Genital warts do not undergo malignant transformation › Despite ACIP recommendations of
routine vaccination of 11–12-year-oldchildren with Gardasil or Cervarix, HPV vaccine

4. uptake in the U.S. remains low. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
reported that, in 2013, 57.3% of teenaged girls aged 13–17 years and 34.6% of teenage boys
had received one or more doses of the vaccine. Just 32.7% of girls had received the full 3-
dose series (Elam-Evans et al., 2014) › Concerns about vaccine safety has been identified as
an important barrier to vaccine update, but researchers in Denmark and Sweden who
studied nearly 1 million adolescent girls over a 4-year period found no evidence that
Gardasil is association with increased risk of autoimmune, neurological, or venous
thromboembolic adverse events (Arnheim-Dahlström et al., 2013) › Researchers who
analyzed data from 6,887 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination
Survey found a significant correlation between cigarette smoking and risk of oral HPV
infection; risk of oral HPV type 16 infection was BIOS242 Human Papilloma Virus
Epidemiology Paper