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Group – 3
Shah Sunil and Groups
Respiration

 Respiration   Involves :
   Glycolysis,
   Krebs cycle,
   Electron transport and Oxidative
     Phosphorylation
INTRODUCTION
   Glycolysis :
   Occurs in the cytoplasm.
   Breaks glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

   Krebs cycle :
   occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
   degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide.

   Several steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
    transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming
    NADH.

   NADH passes these electrons to the electron
    transport chain.
Mitochondria

 stage 3rd of
  respiration
 Occurs in
   mitochondria.
Mitochondria
   Outer membrane- permeable to
   small molecules
   Inner membrane-
 electron transport
 ATP synthase
 Cristae increase area

   Integrity required for
    coupling ETS to ATP
    synthesis
Mitochondria

 outer membrane relatively permeable
 inner membrane permeable only to those
  things with specific transporters
  ◦ Impermeable to NADH and FADH2
  ◦ Permeable to pyruvate
 Compartmentalization
  ◦ Kreb's and β-oxidation in matrix
  ◦ Glycolysis in cytosol
Electron Transport System

   Electron Transport Chain – is a collection
    of molecules embedded in the inner
    membrane of the mitochondria

    ◦ Most components are proteins
Electron Transport System
   Mechanism the cell that converts the energy in
    NADH and FADH2 into ATP.

    Electrons flow along an energy gradient via carriers
    in one direction from a higher reducing potential to a
    lower reducing potential

   The ultimate acceptor is molecular oxygen.

   At the end of the chain electrons are passed to
    oxygen forming water.
Electron Transport System

   An NADH molecule begins the
    process by “dropping off” its
    electron at the first electron
    carrier molecule
ETS

   Remember: each
    component will be                                                      50
                                                                                NADH




    reduced when it accepts                                                40                I
                                                                                                        FADH2


                                                                                                        FAD
                                                                                                                                 Multiprotein
                                                                                FMN                                              complexes




                                Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol)
    the electron and oxidized                                                         Fe•S
                                                                                                 O
                                                                                                     Fe•S


                                                                                                       Cyt b
                                                                                                            II

                                                                                                                        III


    when it passes the                                                     30                                    Fe•S
                                                                                                                        Cyt c1
                                                                                                                                 Cyt c            IV


    electron down to the more                                              20
                                                                                                                                         Cyt a
                                                                                                                                                 Cyt a3




    electronegative carrier
    molecule in the chain
                                                                           10




                                                                           0                                                      2 H ++ 12       O2




                                                                                                                                                    H2 O
Finally the electron is passed to
oxygen, which is very electronegative.                                      NADH
                                                                       50

                                                                                             FADH2


                                                                                     I                             Multiprotein
                                                                       40                    FAD




                            Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol)
                                                                            FMN                                    complexes
                                                                                         Fe•S    II

   The oxygen also picks                                                         Fe•S
                                                                                         O
                                                                                             Cyt b
                                                                                                             III

                                                                                                      Fe•S

    up 2 H+ ions from the
                                                                       30
                                                                                                             Cyt c1
                                                                                                                      Cyt c            IV
                                                                                                                              Cyt a


    aqueous solution and                                               20
                                                                                                                                      Cyt a3




    forms water                                                        10




                                                                       0                                              2 H ++ 12        O2




                                                                                                                                         H2 O
ETS

   FADH goes through                                                    50
                                                                              NADH



    mostly the same                                                                            FADH2

                                                                                                                    Multiprotein




                              Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol)
                                                                         40            I       FAD

    processes, except it
                                                                              FMN                                   complexes
                                                                                    Fe•S   Fe•S II
                                                                                           O
                                                                                                              III
                                                                                               Cyt b


    drops off its electron                                               30                            Fe•S
                                                                                                              Cyt c1
                                                                                                                       Cyt c            IV


    at a lower point on
                                                                                                                               Cyt a
                                                                                                                                       Cyt a3
                                                                         20



    the ETC                                                              10




                                                                         0                                             2 H ++ 12        O2




                                                                                                                                          H2O
The ETC makes no ATP directly!

The ETC releases energy in a step-
wise series of reactions

It powers ATP synthesis via oxidative
phosphorylation.

But it needs to be coupled with
chemiosmosis to actually make ATP.
Oxidative Phosphorylation

Production of ATP using
transfer of electrons for energy

    Some ATP is produced by substrate-level
    phosphorylation during glycolysis and the
    Krebs cycle, but most comes from
    oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation
   CONCEPT :


    During oxidative phosphorylation,
    chemiosmosis couples electron transport to
    ATP synthesis
Chemiosmosis
   The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
   Inner membrane of mitochondria has many
    protein complexes called ATP synthase
    ◦ ATP synthase – enzyme that makes ATP from
      ADP and inorganic phosphate



     It uses the energy of an existing gradient to
       do this.
The existing gradient is the difference in
 H+ ion concentration on opposite sides of
 the inner membrane of the mitochondria
                                                                                                                       Inner
                                                                                                                       Mitochondrial
                           Oxidative
    Glycolysis          phosphorylation.                                                                               membrane
                       electron transport
                       and chemiosmosis



        ATP      ATP          ATP
                                                                                              H+
                                                                       H+
                                                H+
                                                                                                                 H+
                 Protein complex                                             Cyt c
Intermembrane
                 of electron
space
                 carners
                                                            Q                         IV
                                            I                     III
                                                                                                                       ATP
Inner                                                  II                                                              synthase
mitochondrial                                          FADH2
                                                                FAD+          2 H+ + 1/2 O2
                                                                                                   H2O
membrane
                           NADH+
                                                     NAD+                                           ADP +   Pi        ATP
                 (Carrying electrons
                 from, food)                                                                                     H+
Mitochondrial                                     Electron transport chain                      Chemiosmosis
matrix                                 Electron transport and pumping of protons (H +), ATP synthesis powered by the flow
                                      which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Of H+ back across the membrane
                                                                            Oxidative phosphorylation
Chemiosmosis

   Chemiosmosis – the process in which
    energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion
    gradient across a membrane is used to
    drive cellular work (like the synthesis of
    ATP)
   It is the job of the ETC to create this H+
    ion gradient
                                                                                                                Inner
                                                                                                                Mitochondrial
                           Oxidative
    Glycolysis          phosphorylation.                                                                        membrane
                       electron transport
                       and chemiosmosis



       ATP       ATP          ATP
                                                                                       H+
                                                                    H+
                                                H+
                                                                                                          H+
                 Protein complex                                         Cyt c
Intermembrane    of electron
space            carners
                                                            Q                     IV
                                            I                     III
                                                                                                                 ATP
Inner                                                  II                                                        synthase
mitochondrial                                          FADH2
                                                                FAD+      2 H+ + 1/2 O2
                                                                                            H2O
membrane
                           NADH+
                                                     NAD+                                    ADP +   Pi        ATP
                 (Carrying electrons
                 from, food)                                                                              H+
Mitochondrial                                   Electron transport chain                     Chemiosmosis
matrix                               Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), ATP synthesis powered by the flow
                                    which create an H+ gradient across the membraneOf H+ back across the membrane
                                                                   Oxidative phosphorylation
H+ ions are pumped into the
intermembrane space by the ETC


The H+ ions want to drift back into the
matrix.

But they can only come into the matrix
easily through ATP synthase channels
A protein complex, ATP
synthase, in the cristae
actually makes ATP from
ADP and Pi.

ATP used the energy of
an existing proton gradient
to power ATP synthesis.

 proton gradient
develops between the
intermembrane space
and the matrix.
Mitochondrial redox carrier

NADH     Complex I       Q        Complex
 III

                     Complex II
Complex IV

                         FADH
O2
4 Complexes
    proteins in specific order
    Transfers 2 electrons in specific order
    ◦ Proteins localized in complexes
        Embedded in membrane
        Ease of electron transfer
    ◦ Electrons ultimately reduce oxygen to
        water
        2 H+ + 2 e- + ½ O2 -- H2O
Complex I
    Has NADH binding site
    ◦ NADH reductase activity
       NADH - NAD+
    ◦ transfers to electron carriers

    ◦ NADH (nicotinamide adenine
      dinucleotide )
Passes them to coenzyme Q ( Ubiquinone )


Also receive electron from complex II
Complex II

    succinate ---FAD—ubiquinone
    ◦ Contains coenzyme Q
    ◦ FADH2 binding site
       FAD reductase activity
       FADH2 -- FAD
       conversion of succinate to fumerate
Mitochondrial redox
carriers
Complex III

 ubiquinone - ubiquinone
 while cytochrome C gets reduced
 Also contains cytochromes b
 NADH generates more energy than
  FADH2
Complex IV
 reduction of oxygen
 cytochrome oxidase
 oxygen ---> water
  ◦ 2 H+ + 2 e- + ½ O2 -- 2 H2O
  ◦ transfers e- one at a time to oxygen
ATP Produced

◦ The NADH from glycolysis may also
  yield 3ATP.

   Krebs cycle can be used to generate
    about 2ATP.

   Electron transport chain yield 32 ATP.
ATP Produced

  About 40% of energy glucose molecule
transferred to ATP during cellular respiration

   Makes approximately 38 ATP.
Conclusion /Result

OVERALL   yield from

glucose 36-38 ATPs
THANK YOU

GROUP -3
SHAH SUNIL KUMAR
GIRI JEMY
TIMILSINA BINOD
MAJHI INDRA
ABDHIKINI
WARSAME
MOHAMMAD ABDIKALI

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ETCs

  • 1. Group – 3 Shah Sunil and Groups
  • 2. Respiration  Respiration Involves :  Glycolysis,  Krebs cycle,  Electron transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation
  • 3. INTRODUCTION  Glycolysis :  Occurs in the cytoplasm.  Breaks glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.  Krebs cycle :  occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.  degrades pyruvate to carbon dioxide.  Several steps in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle transfer electrons from substrates to NAD+, forming NADH.  NADH passes these electrons to the electron transport chain.
  • 4. Mitochondria  stage 3rd of respiration  Occurs in mitochondria.
  • 5. Mitochondria  Outer membrane- permeable to  small molecules  Inner membrane-  electron transport  ATP synthase  Cristae increase area  Integrity required for coupling ETS to ATP synthesis
  • 6. Mitochondria  outer membrane relatively permeable  inner membrane permeable only to those things with specific transporters ◦ Impermeable to NADH and FADH2 ◦ Permeable to pyruvate  Compartmentalization ◦ Kreb's and β-oxidation in matrix ◦ Glycolysis in cytosol
  • 7. Electron Transport System  Electron Transport Chain – is a collection of molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria ◦ Most components are proteins
  • 8. Electron Transport System  Mechanism the cell that converts the energy in NADH and FADH2 into ATP.  Electrons flow along an energy gradient via carriers in one direction from a higher reducing potential to a lower reducing potential  The ultimate acceptor is molecular oxygen.  At the end of the chain electrons are passed to oxygen forming water.
  • 9. Electron Transport System  An NADH molecule begins the process by “dropping off” its electron at the first electron carrier molecule
  • 10. ETS  Remember: each component will be 50 NADH reduced when it accepts 40 I FADH2 FAD Multiprotein FMN complexes Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol) the electron and oxidized Fe•S O Fe•S Cyt b II III when it passes the 30 Fe•S Cyt c1 Cyt c IV electron down to the more 20 Cyt a Cyt a3 electronegative carrier molecule in the chain 10 0 2 H ++ 12 O2 H2 O
  • 11. Finally the electron is passed to oxygen, which is very electronegative. NADH 50 FADH2 I Multiprotein 40 FAD Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol) FMN complexes Fe•S II  The oxygen also picks Fe•S O Cyt b III Fe•S up 2 H+ ions from the 30 Cyt c1 Cyt c IV Cyt a aqueous solution and 20 Cyt a3 forms water 10 0 2 H ++ 12 O2 H2 O
  • 12. ETS  FADH goes through 50 NADH mostly the same FADH2 Multiprotein Free energy (G) relative to O2 (kcl/mol) 40 I FAD processes, except it FMN complexes Fe•S Fe•S II O III Cyt b drops off its electron 30 Fe•S Cyt c1 Cyt c IV at a lower point on Cyt a Cyt a3 20 the ETC 10 0 2 H ++ 12 O2 H2O
  • 13. The ETC makes no ATP directly! The ETC releases energy in a step- wise series of reactions It powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation. But it needs to be coupled with chemiosmosis to actually make ATP.
  • 14. Oxidative Phosphorylation Production of ATP using transfer of electrons for energy Some ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, but most comes from oxidative phosphorylation
  • 15. Oxidative phosphorylation  CONCEPT :  During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
  • 16. Chemiosmosis  The Energy-Coupling Mechanism  Inner membrane of mitochondria has many protein complexes called ATP synthase ◦ ATP synthase – enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate It uses the energy of an existing gradient to do this.
  • 17. The existing gradient is the difference in H+ ion concentration on opposite sides of the inner membrane of the mitochondria Inner Mitochondrial Oxidative Glycolysis phosphorylation. membrane electron transport and chemiosmosis ATP ATP ATP H+ H+ H+ H+ Protein complex Cyt c Intermembrane of electron space carners Q IV I III ATP Inner II synthase mitochondrial FADH2 FAD+ 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O membrane NADH+ NAD+ ADP + Pi ATP (Carrying electrons from, food) H+ Mitochondrial Electron transport chain Chemiosmosis matrix Electron transport and pumping of protons (H +), ATP synthesis powered by the flow which create an H+ gradient across the membrane Of H+ back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation
  • 18. Chemiosmosis  Chemiosmosis – the process in which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work (like the synthesis of ATP)
  • 19. It is the job of the ETC to create this H+ ion gradient Inner Mitochondrial Oxidative Glycolysis phosphorylation. membrane electron transport and chemiosmosis ATP ATP ATP H+ H+ H+ H+ Protein complex Cyt c Intermembrane of electron space carners Q IV I III ATP Inner II synthase mitochondrial FADH2 FAD+ 2 H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O membrane NADH+ NAD+ ADP + Pi ATP (Carrying electrons from, food) H+ Mitochondrial Electron transport chain Chemiosmosis matrix Electron transport and pumping of protons (H+), ATP synthesis powered by the flow which create an H+ gradient across the membraneOf H+ back across the membrane Oxidative phosphorylation
  • 20. H+ ions are pumped into the intermembrane space by the ETC The H+ ions want to drift back into the matrix. But they can only come into the matrix easily through ATP synthase channels
  • 21. A protein complex, ATP synthase, in the cristae actually makes ATP from ADP and Pi. ATP used the energy of an existing proton gradient to power ATP synthesis. proton gradient develops between the intermembrane space and the matrix.
  • 22. Mitochondrial redox carrier NADH Complex I Q Complex III Complex II Complex IV FADH O2
  • 23. 4 Complexes  proteins in specific order  Transfers 2 electrons in specific order ◦ Proteins localized in complexes  Embedded in membrane  Ease of electron transfer ◦ Electrons ultimately reduce oxygen to water  2 H+ + 2 e- + ½ O2 -- H2O
  • 24. Complex I  Has NADH binding site ◦ NADH reductase activity  NADH - NAD+ ◦ transfers to electron carriers ◦ NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide )
  • 25. Passes them to coenzyme Q ( Ubiquinone ) Also receive electron from complex II
  • 26. Complex II  succinate ---FAD—ubiquinone ◦ Contains coenzyme Q ◦ FADH2 binding site  FAD reductase activity  FADH2 -- FAD  conversion of succinate to fumerate
  • 28. Complex III  ubiquinone - ubiquinone  while cytochrome C gets reduced  Also contains cytochromes b  NADH generates more energy than FADH2
  • 29. Complex IV  reduction of oxygen  cytochrome oxidase  oxygen ---> water ◦ 2 H+ + 2 e- + ½ O2 -- 2 H2O ◦ transfers e- one at a time to oxygen
  • 30. ATP Produced ◦ The NADH from glycolysis may also yield 3ATP.  Krebs cycle can be used to generate about 2ATP.  Electron transport chain yield 32 ATP.
  • 31. ATP Produced  About 40% of energy glucose molecule transferred to ATP during cellular respiration  Makes approximately 38 ATP.
  • 32. Conclusion /Result OVERALL yield from glucose 36-38 ATPs
  • 33. THANK YOU GROUP -3 SHAH SUNIL KUMAR GIRI JEMY TIMILSINA BINOD MAJHI INDRA ABDHIKINI WARSAME MOHAMMAD ABDIKALI