Prometheus offers a powerful way to monitor container-based systems, this talk looks at how.

1. Prometheus and Docker
Monitoring and Management
Brian Brazil
Founder

2. Who am I?
Engineer passionate about running software reliably in production.
● TCD CS Degree
● Google SRE for 7 years, working on high-scale reliable systems such as
Adwords, Adsense, Ad Exchange, Billing, Database
● Boxever TL Systems&Infrastructure, applied processes and technology to let
allow company to scale and reduce operational load
● Contributor to many open source projects, including Prometheus, Ansible,
Python, Aurora and Zookeeper.
● Founder of Robust Perception, making scalability and efficiency available to
everyone

3. Why monitor?
● Know when things go wrong
○ To call in a human to prevent a business-level issue, or prevent an issue in advance
● Be able to debug and gain insight
● Trending to see changes over time, and drive technical/business decisions
● To feed into other systems/processes (e.g. QA, security, automation)

4. Common Monitoring Challenges
Themes common among companies I’ve talk to:
● Monitoring tools are limited, both technically and conceptually
● Tools don’t scale well and are unwieldy to manage
● Operational practices don’t align with the business
For example:
Your customers care about increased latency and it’s in your SLAs. You can only
alert on individual machine CPU usage.
Result: Engineers continuously woken up for non-issues, get fatigued

5. Fundamental Challenge is Limited Visibility

6. Prometheus
Inspired by Google’s Borgmon monitoring system.
Started in 2012 by ex-Googlers working in Soundcloud as an open source project,
mainly written in Go. Publically launched in early 2015, and continues to be
independent of any one company.
Over 100 companies have started relying on it since then.

7. What does Prometheus offer?
● Inclusive Monitoring
● Manageable and Reliable
● Easy to integrate with
● Dashboards
● Powerful data model
● Powerful query language
● Efficient
● Scalable

8. Services have Internals

9. Monitor the Internals

10. Monitor as a Service, not as Machines

11. Inclusive Monitoring
Don’t monitor just at the edges:
● Instrument client libraries
● Instrument server libraries (e.g. HTTP/RPC)
● Instrument business logic
Library authors get information about usage.
Application developers get monitoring of common components for free.
Dashboards and alerting can be provided out of the box, customised for your
organisation!

12. Python Instrumentation Example
pip install prometheus_client
from prometheus_client import Summary, start_http_server
REQUEST_DURATION = Summary('request_duration_seconds',
'Request duration in seconds')
@REQUEST_DURATION.time()
def my_handler(request):
pass # Your code here
start_http_server(8000)

13. Manageable and Reliable
Core Prometheus server is a single binary.
Doesn’t depend on Zookeeper, Consul, Cassandra, Hadoop or the Internet.
Only requires local disk (SSD recommended). No potential for cascading failure.
Pull based, so easy to on run a workstation for testing and rogue servers can’t
push bad metrics.
Advanced service discovery finds what to monitor.

14. Running Prometheus with Docker
Docker images at https://hub.docker.com/r/prom/
To run Prometheus:
docker run -p 9090:9090 prom/prometheus:latest
This monitors itself.
http://localhost:9090/consoles/prometheus.html has a console.

15. Easy to integrate with
Many existing integrations: Java, JMX, Python, Go, Ruby, .Net, Machine,
Cloudwatch, EC2, MySQL, PostgreSQL, Haskell, Bash, Node.js, SNMP, Consul,
HAProxy, Mesos, Bind, CouchDB, Django, Mtail, Heka, Memcached, RabbitMQ,
Redis, RethinkDB, Rsyslog, Meteor.js, Minecraft...
Graphite, Statsd, Collectd, Scollector, Munin, Nagios integrations aid transition.
It’s so easy, most of the above were written without the core team even knowing
about them!

16. Cadvisor natively supports Prometheus
Run Cadvisor:
docker run -v /var/run/:/var/run -v /sys:/sys -p 8080:8080
google/cadvisor
http://localhost:8080/metrics will have metrics for all your containers

17. Service Discovery
It’s vital to know where each of your instances is meant to be running.
Systems such as Docker Swarm spread applications across machines, so we
need some form of service discovery to find them.
Both Swarm and Prometheus support Consul, so let’s try that.

18. Setting up Swarm on localhost (1)
MY_IP=1.2.3.4
# - Run consul
docker run -d --name=consul --net=host gliderlabs/consul-server
-bootstrap
# - Pass the docker daemon -H tcp://0.0.0.0:2375 so it’ll do TCP
# - Register services in Consul
docker run -d --net=host -v /var/run/docker.sock:/tmp/docker.sock
gliderlabs/registrator consul://localhost:8500
# - Join the swarm
docker run -d swarm join --addr=$MY_IP:2375
consul://$MY_IP:8500/swarm

19. Setting up Swarm on localhost (2)
# - Run some machine monitoring
docker run -d -v /var/run/:/var/run -v /sys:/sys -p 8080:8080
google/cadvisor
docker run -d -v /:/rootfs:ro -p 9100:9100 --net=host
-e SERVICE_NAME=node prom/node-exporter
# - Start the Swarm Manager
docker run -d -p 2376:2375 swarm manage consul://$MY_IP:8500/swarm
# - Check it’s working
docker -H tcp://127.0.0.1:2376 info

20. Prometheus configuration to use Consul
scrape_configs:
- job_name: 'consul'
consul_sd_configs:
- server: 127.0.0.1:8500
relabel_configs:
- source_labels: [__meta_consul_service]
regex: (.*) # Default next release
replacement: $1 # Default next release
target_label: job

21. Run Prometheus
docker run -d --net=host -p 9090:9090
-e SERVICE_NAME=prometheus
robustperception/prometheus_local_consul
Visit http://localhost:9090/status to see it running

22. Automatic service discovery!

23. Dashboards

24. Many Dashboarding Options
● Grafana
○ Latest release has full Prometheus support
● Promdash
○ Prometheus-specific Ruby-on-Rails dashboarding solution
○ Direction is moving towards Grafana instead
● Console templates
○ Templating language inside Prometheus
○ Good for having your dashboards checked in, and for fully-custom dashboards
● Expression Browser
○ Included in Prometheus, good for ad-hoc debugging
● Roll your own
○ JSON API

25. Powerful Data Model
All metrics have arbitrary multi-dimensional labels.
No need to force your model into dotted strings.
Can aggregate, cut, and slice along them.
Supports any double value, labels support full unicode.

26. Example: Labels from Node Exporter

27. Powerful Query Language
Can multiply, add, aggregate, join, predict, take quantiles across many metrics in
the same query. Can evaluate right now, and graph back in time.
Answer questions like:
● What’s the 95th percentile latency in the European datacenter?
● How full will the disks be in 4 hours?
● Which services are the top 5 users of CPU?
Can alert based on any query.

28. Example: Top 5 Docker images by CPU
topk(5,
sum by (image)(
rate(container_cpu_usage_seconds_total{
id=~"/system.slice/docker.*"}[5m]
)
)
)

29. Efficient
Instrumenting everything means a lot of data.
Prometheus is best in class for lossless storage efficiency, 3.5 bytes per datapoint.
A single server can handle:
● millions of metrics
● hundreds of thousands of datapoints per second

30. Scalable
Prometheus is easy to run, can give one to each team in each datacenter.
Federation allows pulling key metrics from other Prometheus servers.
When one job is too big for a single Prometheus server, can use
sharding+federation to scale out. Needed with thousands of machines.

31. Final Thought: Instrument Once, Use Everywhere
When an application is instrumented, tends to be limited in which monitoring
systems it supports.
You’re left with a choice: Have N monitoring systems, or run extra services to act
as shims to translate.
Prometheus clients aren’t just limited to outputting metrics in the Prometheus
format, can also output to Graphite and other monitoring systems. Prometheus
clients can also take in metrics from other monitoring systems.
Prometheus clients can be your instrumentation and metrics interchange, even
when not using Prometheus itself!

32. What do we do?
Robust Perception provides consulting and training to give you confidence in your
production service's ability to run efficiently and scale with your business.
We can help you:
● Decide if Prometheus is for you
● Manage your transition to Prometheus and resolve issues that arise
● With capacity planning, debugging, infrastructure etc.
We are proud to be among the core contributors to the Prometheus project.

33. Resources
Official Project Website: prometheus.io
Official Mailing List: prometheus-developers@googlegroups.com
Demo: demo.robustperception.io
Dockerfiles: https://github.com/RobustPerception/docker_examples
Robust Perception Website: www.robustperception.io
Queries: prometheus@robustperception.io