The document provides an interactive guide to learning about the Holocaust through six key stages: 1) Definition - how the Nazis defined who was Jewish and introduced racist anti-Semitic ideology. 2) Expropriation - the stripping of rights and property from Jewish people through laws and Kristallnacht. 3) Concentration - forcing Jewish people into ghettos with severe restrictions. 4) Mobile killing units - the Einsatzgruppen that massacred over 1.5 million Jewish people in the Soviet Union. 5) Deportation - transporting victims by train to six deadly camps in Poland. 6) Killing centers - the camps like Auschwitz that systematically murdered victims

1. An Interactive Guide to The
Holocaust
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2. The Holocaust
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What is the Holocaust?
What is Genocide? Why is the Holocaust Unique?
The Six Stages of the H
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3. The Six Stages of the Holocaust
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1. Definition 4. Mobile Killing Units
2. Expropriation 5. Deportation
3. Concentration 6. Killing Centers

4. The Holocaust
 A specific genocidal event in the twentieth century history; the
state sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of
European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators
between 1933 and 1945. Jews were the primary victims-- 6
million were murdered; Gypsies, the handicapped, and Poles
were also targeted for destruction or decimation for racial,
ethnic or national reasons. Millions more, including
homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Soviet prisoners of war,
and political dissidents, also suffered grievous oppression
and death under Nazi tyranny.
Interactive Map of The Holocaust

5. Genocide
The intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or
religious group, as such:
(a) Killing members of the group;
(b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the
group;
(c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to
bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part;
(d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group;
(e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.
Etymology of Genocide

6. Etymology of Genocide
 Raphael Lemkin Coined the word
Genocide from the ancient Greek
word genos (race, tribe) and the
Latin cide (killing) in 1944
 He was a Polish-Jewish Lawyer
 He lost over 50 family members in
the holocaust
 In 1948 United Nations
recognized Genocide as a crime
 The U.S. did not adopt Genocide
as a crime until 1988
 Lemkin died in 1959; sadly only 5
people attended his funeral

7. Why is the Holocaust Unique?
 Propaganda- a specific type of message presentation (newspapers,
cartoons, children’s books, etc.) directly aimed at influencing the
opinions of people, rather than impartially providing information.
 Legal- Laws such as the Nuremberg Laws were implemented to
secure the governing party’s (Nazis) legal rights to alienate and
desecrate a part of its population (see
The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor and The Reich
Citizenship Law)
 Technology- The invention of trains allowed for the transportation of
victims while killers remained stationary; IBM’s technological
advances made it possible for Nazis to keep detailed records

8. Stage 1: Definition
 How does one define being Jewish? Through Culture?
Race? Religion? The challenge confronting the Nazis in
1933 was to define a religious group already assimilated into
German society. The Interior Ministry of the Nazi government
was responsible for “solving” this problem.
 In 1933 The Interior Ministry divided the German population
into two categories of race
 Aryan: People with no Jewish ancestors
 Non-Aryan: People with Jewish ancestors
 Regulation of September 15, 1935
 Any person who descended form two Jewish grandparents, practiced the
Jewish religion or was married to a Jewish person on September 15, 1935,
and all persons descended from three or four Jewish grandparents.
Nazi Racism Anti-Semitism

9. Anti-Semitism
 A specific hatred or prejudice against Jews
 Began as early as 2000 years ago when the Romans drove them
from their land now called, Israel
 Jews do not share the Christian belief that Jesus is the Son of God,
and many Christians considered this refusal to accept Jesus'
divinity as arrogant
 For centuries the Church taught that Jews were responsible for
Jesus' death, not recognizing, as most historians do today, that
Jesus was executed by the Roman government because officials
viewed him as a political threat to their rule
Racial Anti-Semitism

10. Racial Anti-Semitism
 In the 1800’s Jews became almost equal citizens under the law as ideas of
political equality and freedom spread in western Europe
 New forms of anti-Semitism emerged: European leaders who wanted to
establish colonies in Africa and Asia argued that whites were superior to
other races and therefore had to spread and take over the "weaker" and
"less civilized" races.
 Writers applied this argument to Jews
 By defining Jews as a race of people called Semites who shared common blood
and physical features meant that Jews remained Jews by race even if they
converted to Christianity
 Politicians began using the idea of racial superiority in their campaigns as a
way to get votes (Karl Lueger)
 Conspiracy theories about Jewish plots in which Jews were somehow
acting in concert to dominate the world became a popular form of anti-
Semitic expression and propaganda.

11. Karl Lueger (1844-1910)
 Mayor of Vienna, Austria, at the end
of the century through the use of
anti-Semitism --
 Appealed to voters by blaming Jews for
bad economic times.
 A hero to a young Adolf Hitler, who
was born in Austria in 1889
 Hitler's ideas, including his views of
Jews, were shaped during the years
he lived in Vienna, where he studied
Lueger's tactics and the anti-Semitic
newspapers and pamphlets that
multiplied during Lueger's long rule

12. Stage 2: Expropriation
 To take (property) from
its owner ideally for
public use.
 (To the right) The
abandoned property of
Jews who have been
deported from the Zychlin
ghetto is piled in an open
field.
Expropriation Continued Kristallnacht

13. Expropriation Continued
 Civil Rights
 The Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil
Service of April 7, 1933, required most Jews holding civil
service jobs to retire.
 The Reich Citizenship Law of September 15, 1935,
declared Jews were no longer German citizens.
 Education
 A regulation in April 1933, expelled all Jewish professors
from German universities.
 A regulation in November, 1938, expelled Jews from
German schools and declared they must attend Jewish
schools.

14. Expropriation Continued
 Occupations
 A regulation in the summer of 1933 stated that all Jewish artists
and writers were prohibited from practicing their professions and all
books published by or about Jews were burned.
 A regulation in July of 1938 stated that the medical licenses of
Jewish doctors had been canceled and they could only treat Jewish
patients as non-licensed doctors.
 Private Property
 The Regulation for the Elimination of the Jews from the Economic
Life of Germany of November 12, 1938, stated that Jews could not
own retail stores and must pay 1.25 million Reichmarks for
damages caused on Kristallnacht (Crystal Night).
 A regulation in February, 1939, stated that all Jews must surrender
all their gold, platinum, silver objects, precious stones, and pearls to
the German government.

15. Kristallnacht
 “Night of Broken Glass”
 November 9 & 10, 1938
 During the night, rampaging mobs freely attacked Jews in the
street, in their homes, and at their places of work and
worship.
 1,000 Jews Killed
 30,000 Jewish males sent to concentration
camps
 1,000+ synagogues burned or destroyed
 800 Jewish businesses destroyed
More on Kristallnacht Photo Gallery

16. Stage 3: Concentration
 A close gathering of people or things
 After the German invasion of Poland in 1939, the Nazis began
concentrating Jews into areas known as Ghettos.
 The following stages occurred in Poland and Nazi Germany:
 Severance of social contacts between Jews and “Aryan” citizens
 Housing Restrictions
 Movement regulation
 Identification Measures
 Yellow Stars were used to identify Jews; often placed on the sleeve
 The initiation of Jewish administrative machinery- the Jewish councils
or Judenrat
The Warsaw Ghetto Types of Resistance in the Ghettos

17. Badges of the Concentration
Camps
Communists, Social Democrats, anarchists, and other "enemies
Red of the state"
Green German criminals
Blue foreign forced laborers
Brown Gypsies
Pink homosexuals
Purple Jehovah's Witnesses
Asocial, a catch-all term for vagrants, bums, prostitutes, hobos,
alcoholics who were living on the streets, anyone who didn't have
Black a permanent address, or "work-shy," (those who were arrested
because they refused to work)

18. Judenrat
 The local Jewish populace was required to form Jewish Councils as
a liaison (a go between) between the Jews and the Nazis
 Responsibilities
 organizing the orderly deportation to the death camps
 detailing the number and occupations of the Jews in the ghettos,
 distributing food and medical supplies,
 communicating the orders of the ghetto Nazi masters.
 The Nazis enforced orders with threats of terror (beatings and
executions)
 In the ghetto:
 Took on the functions of local government, providing police and fire protection,
postal services, sanitation, transportation, food and fuel distribution, and housing

19. Types of Resistance in the Ghetto
 Resistance is not always armed and violent
 Poetry
 Plays
 Going to school
 Diaries
 Getting married

20. The Warsaw Ghetto
City of Ghetto of
“Aryan” Warsaw
Warsaw Warsaw
Population 1,365,000 920,000 445,000
Area (sq. miles) 54.6 53.3 1.3
Rooms 284,912 223,617 61,295
Persons Per
Room 4.8 4.1 7.2
Beginning in 1941 starvation was the official policy in the Warsaw ghetto
and the results were drastic. In 1940, 90 Jews died of starvation while in
1941 over 11,000 died of starvation. The overall death rate in Warsaw from
1940-1942 was over 83,000 people.

21. Stage 4: Mobile Killing Units
 The idea of mobile killers attacking stationary
victims was primarily created by the chief of
the Security Police and founder of the RSHA,
Reinhard Heydrich.
 Four Einsatzgruppen groups were set up,
with a total of 3,000 men.
 The Einsatzgruppen were to follow behind the German army as it
invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 and kill Jews.
 The majority of the Einsatzgruppen were professional men:
physician, professional opera singer, many lawyers.
Einsatzgruppen Continued Einsatzgruppen Online

22. Einsatzgruppen Continued
 The killing operation was standardized
throughout every city in the USSR (present
day Soviet Union) in the following manner:
 Jews were rounded up to a central location such as
a school or town square.
 They were marched outside city limits and were
forced to hand over all valuables and often
clothing.
 They were then shot without regard for age or
gender, either individually or in mass execution
style.
Einsatzgruppen Efficiency What happened to the Einsatzgruppen?

23. Einsatzgruppen Efficiency
Number of Jews Date
killed
Einsatzgruppen A 125,000 October 15, 1941
Einsatzgruppen B 45,000 November 14, 1941
Einsatzgruppen C 75,000 November 3, 1941
Einsatzgruppen D 55,000 December 12, 1941
Total # Jews Killed = 1.5 million

24. What happened to the
Einsatzgruppen?
 Hitler’s plan for secrecy in carrying out these
killings wasn’t possible as many non-Jews
witnessed the disappearance and killing of
Jewish citizens.
 The mobile killing units were too “slow” and
“inefficient”
 The morale of some of the killers in
Einsatzgruppen units was being affected as
evidenced by the following testimony of
Hermann Graebe, November 10, 1945.

25. Stage 5: Deportation
 When the Mobile Killing Units failed, the Nazi’s began
deporting their victims
 As part of the "Final Solution," Jews were "deported" or
transported by trains in cattle cars or by trucks to one of
the six camps, all located in occupied Poland: Chelmno,
Treblinka, Sobibor, Belzec, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and
Majdanek-Lublin.
 In order to maintain order, the Nazi’s never used such
harsh words as “murder” or “kill.” Rather they relied on
Euphemisms, the use of a less direct word or phrase
that is less offensive.

26. Euphemisms
Euphemism Actual Definition
Final Solution (Endlösung) Extermination
Special Treatment (Sonderbehandlung) Killing by gas
Bath Houses (Badeanstalten) Crematoria
Protective custody (Schutzhaft) Unlimited incarceration without trial
Jewish residence district (Jüdischer Ghetto
Wohnbezirk)
labor, preferential, or POW camps Death camps
Jewish settlement region (Jüdisches Killing centers of Poland
Siedlungsgebiet)

27. Stage 6: Killing Centers
 After the victims loaded the deportation trains,
they were brought to killing centers
 The camps marked a shift from mobile killers and
stationary victims towards a more efficient killing
system of stationary killers and mobile victims
 Fewer than 150 workers were needed at Treblinka to
kill an estimated 750,000 Jews.
 Auschwitz could “process” up to 10,000 people in one
day.
The Killing Process Killing Centers Data

28. The Killing Process
 Deception was key for getting victims to
follow orders.
 At Auschwitz a selection process was
implemented and carried out by SS
doctors.
 Left = Death; Right = Work
 Children, elderly, and sick were sent to the left.
Killing Centers Data

29. Killing Centers Data
CAMP VICTIMS SURVIVORS
Chelmno 360,000 3
Belzec 600,000 2
Sobibor 250,000 64
Treblinka 800,000 Under 40
Maidanek 500,000 Under 60
Auschwitz 1,500,000- Several thousand, because it was
both a concentration camp and
2,000,000 death camp

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31. Activities
Ordered List: Six Stages of The Holocaust
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33. Works Cited
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