It's all about international relations

1. RELATIONS AMONG
NATION-STATES

2. What is International Relations?
Broad network of relations among states
and includes the activities of their
citizens and non state institutions.

3. Transnational Interaction
and
Transnational Relations

4. Transnational Interactions
Focuses on the activities of nongovernmental organizations and
individuals which include international trade
and commerce, international sports events,
world news reporting through various media,
tourism and travel, etc.

5. Non-Governmental Organizations
• Broad category - Not states and non-profit
• Includes religions, charities, political activists,
multinational business, academic research
communities, and even terrorist groups.

6. Transnational Relations
• Activities include ceremonial visits by heads of
state and other official representatives,
diplomatic negotiations and conferences,
government grants of capital and technical
services, espionage and subversion, various
public relations and military of many kinds.

7.
INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY
AND INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS

8. International Community
• According to H. B. Jacobeni, it is “the society of
international entities, mostly sovereign states,
upon which international law is binding.
(e.g. United Nations Organization)

9. International Organizations
Administrative agencies were created for
specialized technical tasks. (e.g. Red Cross)
Machinery for adjudication or conciliation of
international disputes was established.
International organizations were created on either
a regional or global basis to provide collective
security and promote cooperative action on a
broad range of other international problems.

10. Examples of IOs
•Limited Membership, Narrow
Purpose: Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries
•Limited Membership, Broad Purpose:
Association of Southeast Asian
Nations
•Universal Membership, Narrow
Purpose: Universal Postal Union
•Universal Membership, Broad
Purpose: United Nations

11. International Law
Body of rules or laws which is binding on states
and other international persons in their mutual
relations.
Cannot be imposed by any individual government
Adherence is dependent on the voluntary
compliance of individual states.
Observed by states when convenient to do so

12. Sources of International Law
1.Treaties – having the status and validity of a
contract between private persons.
2.International Custom – general practices that are
observed by nation-states and in time have
achieved legal status.
3.Generally Recognized Principles of Law –
founded upon intelligent international public
policy. (e.g. : good faith, respect for acquired
rights and inherent rights of self-preservation)

13. Sources of International Law
4. Judicial Decisions – judgments of judicial
tribunals, both national and international.
5. Writings of publicists – consists of writings on
international law of experts in this area of political
science.
6. Equity – has the purpose of cushioning the
harshness of strict laws. It may be used as a
basis for decision of International Court of
Justice on a dispute .

14. State under international law
1. Independent States
 One which is free to manage all its affairs (external,
internal) without interfere nor control from other
states.
 Possesses perfect international personality
a.Simple - Has single centralized government
exercising power or authority over all its internal or
external affairs.
b.Composite - Consist of two or more, each of which
possesses a separate government of its own but
under a central government which exercises control of
external affairs of component states.

15. State under international law
2. Dependent States
 One which is subject to authority of one or more
states in the conduct of its external affairs.
a.Protectorate - state which by mean of treaty, submits
itself to the protection of a strong state and in return
transfers the management of its important foreign
policies to the protector state.
-always an international person; treaty specifies for
policy matters are transferred to protector state.
a.Suzerainty - allowed to a certain extent to manage its
foreign affairs by the protector (suzerain) state.
-may or may not be an international person.

16. State under international law
3. Neutralized States
•independence and integrity are guaranteed by a treaty on
condition that it shall not take up arms against any other
state, except for self-defense, nor inter into an international
agreement by which it would get indirectly involved in war.
(e.g. Belgium, Switzerland and Luxemburg)
Neutralization
-obtained during peace or war, status created by means
of treaty: needs to recognized by other states.

17. TWO MAIN ENDEAVOURS OF
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

18. Foreign Policy
– The pattern of behaviour that one state adapts while
pursuing its interests in relations with other states.
Objectives of a state’s foreign policy
1.Maintaining the territorial integrity of the state.
2.Safeguarding national security.
3.Protecting and maintenance of national prestige.
4.Developing power potential for defense or prosecuting
war if necessary.
5.Promoting the interests of the nation’s economy .

19. Global Conflict
o International relations consist of the actions of people
and a consequence, problems are made which may
result sometimes in conflict that can exacerbate into a
global conflict.
• Major reasons which results global conflict
1. War for power – for political control
2. War for ism – clashes between two systems of belief
3. War for colonial empire – to secure colonies
4. War for self-government – for their independence
5. Conflict for “vital interest” among nations

20. Ways of
Lessening Global Conflict
1. Appeasement – concessions made to a potential
enemy in the hope that peace will be secured.
2. Arbitration – settling disputes between states by
judges selected by the parties to the dispute.
3. Balance of Power – a system of power alignments in
which peace may be maintained through an equilibrium
of power between the rival blocs.
4. Collective Security – all or most nations agreed in
advance to take collective action against any state or
states which may break the peace by community
aggression. (function of UN today)
5. Conventional arms limit – limiting arms sales and
transfers.

21. Ways of
Lessening Global Conflict
6. Diplomacy – process in its totality by which states carry
on relations with each other.
7. Disarmament – reduction or elimination of certain or all
armaments for the purpose of ending the arms race.
8. Economic sanctions – limiting or stopping trade to
erring countries.
9. Humanitarian aid – to deliver food, aid in economic
restructuring and support educational initiatives.
10.World Organizations