Having been established in 1998 to serve in Ground and Foundation Engineering, Temeltaş has been performing qualified projects and moving the present, from its ground, to the future based on its 15 years of experience, its team consisting of professionals and its service understanding featuring high standards. In accordance with financial and technological conditions, Temeltaş increases its mobility in changing environments and it produces right and economical solutions by its high-tech modern machinery and equipment from design to completion of projects. Having achieved, since its establishment, the appreciation and satisfaction of domestic and foreign auditing companies in the works it carried out in Turkey and abroad, Temeltaş has adopted it as its principle to maintain its reliable, quality and economical applications with an increasing performance.

1. TEMELTAŞ
UNIQUE SOLUTIONS IN
GEOTECHNICAL WORKS
www.temeltas.com.tr
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2. DIAPHRAGM & SLURRY WALL

3. DIAPHRAGM WALL
 A diaphragm wall is a technique used to build reinforced
concrete walls in areas of soft earth close to open water or with a
high ground water table. This technique is typically used to build
diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surrounding tunnels and open
cuts, and to lay foundations.
 A trench is excavated to create a form for each wall, then filled
with bentonite slurry; it is kept full of slurry at all times. The
slurry prevents the trench from collapsing by providing outward
pressure which balances the inward hydraulic forces and
prevents water flow into the trench. Reinforcement is then
lowered in and the trench is filled with concrete, which displaces
the slurry.

4. DIAPHRAGM WALL
 Diaphragm walls are typically constructed by starting with a set
of guide walls, typically 1 meter deep and 0.5 meter thick. The
guide walls are constructed on the ground surface to outline the
desired slurry trench(es) and guide excavation. Excavation is
done using a special clamshell-shaped digger or a hydromill
trench cutter. The excavator digs down to design depth, or
bedrock, for the first cut. The excavator is then lifted and moved
along the trench guide walls to continue the trench with
successive cuts as needed. The trench is kept filled with slurry
(usually a mixture of bentonite and water) at all times to prevent
collapse.

5. DIAPHRAGM WALL
 Once a particular length is reached, a reinforcing cage is lowered
into the slurry-filled pit and the pit is filled with concrete from
the bottom up using tremie pipes. The concrete displaces the
bentonite slurry, which is pumped out and recycled.
 Slurry walls are built to enclose the desired area, blocking water
and softened earth from flowing into it. On completion of
concreting, digging within the now concrete wall-enclosed area
can proceed. To prevent the concrete wall from collapsing into
the newly open area, temporary supports such as tiebacks or
anchors are installed. When completed, the structure built within
the walled-off area supports the wall, so that tiebacks and/or
other temporary bracing may be removed.

6. CONSTRUCTION OF
DIAPHRAGM WALL
 Diaphragm Wall is generally
reinforced concrete wall
constructed in the ground using
under slurry technique which was
developed in Europe.
 The technique involves excavating
a narrow trench that is kept full of
an engineered fluid of slurry.
 Walls of thickness between 300
and 1200 mm can be formed in this
way up to a depths of 45 meters.

7. DIAPHRAGM WALL-APPLICATION
Diaphragm wall is a continuous wall constructed in ground in to
facilitate certain construction activities, such as:
 As a retaining wall
 As a cut-off provision to support deep excavation
 As the final wall for basement or other underground structure
(e.g. tunnel and shaft)
 As a separating structure between major underground facilities
 As a form of foundation (barrette pile –rectangular pile)

8. DIAPHRAGM WALL-APPLICATION
 Commonly used in congested areas.
 Can be Installed in close proximity to existing structure.
 Practically suited for deep basements.
 Used in conjunction with “Top Down” construction technique.

9. ABOUT DIAPHRAGM WALL
 Very unstable soil profiles below the water table.
 Limited construction time where deeper than normal cantilever
support may be required.
 Can be Installed to considerable depth.
 Formation of walls with substantial thickness.
 Flexible system in plan layout
 Easily incorporated into Permanent works.

10. ABOUT DIAPHRAGM WALL
 Designable to carry vertical loads.
 Construction time of basement can be lowered considerably.
 Economic and positive solution for large deep basement in
saturated and unstable soil profiles.
 Can be used for seepage control in dams.
 Noise levels limited to engine noise only.
 No vibration during installation.

11. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF DIAPHRAGM
WALL
Stage-1: Fixing of Alignment
Stage-2: Guide Wall Construction
Stage-3: Trenching
Stage-4: Trench Cleaning
Stage-5: Stop ends Fixing
Stage-6: Reinforcement Cage
Lowering
Stage-7: Placing of Concrete
Stage-8: Withdrawal of Stop Ends

12. CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE OF DIAPHRAGM
WALL

13.  Stage-1: Fixing of Alignment
 Stage-2: Guide wall Construction

14.  Stage-3: Trenching
Wire Operated
Mechanical Grab
Hydraulic Grab

15.  Stage-4: Trench Cleaning
The sides inside the trench cut can collapse easily. Bentonite slurry is used to
protect the sides of soil. Bontonite is a specially selected fine
clay, when added to water, forms an impervious cakelike slurry with very large
viscosity. The slurry will produce a great lateral pressure sufficient enough to
retain the vertical soil.

16. De-sanding equipment – the bontonite slurry carrying the soil and
gravel re-circulate to this equipment with the bontonite slurry and the
debris being removed. The debris will be collected in the storage tank
for disposal later

17.  Stage-5: Stop ends fixing
 Stage-6: Reinforcement Cage lowering
Reinforcement is inserted in the form of a steel cage, but
may be required to lap a few sections in order to reach
the required length.

18.  Stage-7: Placing of Concrete
 Stage-8: Withdrawal of Stop ends
Placing of concrete is done using tremie pipes to avoid the segregation of concrete. As concrete
being poured down, bontonite will be displaced due to its lower density than concrete. Bentonite
is then collected and reused.

19. A slurry wall is a non-structural barrier built under ground to prevent
the flow of groundwater. The initial application of slurry walls was
first limited to civil construction projects namely hydraulic barriers
used in and under dams, levees, and other similar structures.
More recently, however, slurry walls, cutoff walls, or slurry trenches
are being widely used as a ground remediation tool for underground
waste and groundwater containment. It is now common to use slurry
walls in the construction and building of tunnels.
SLURRY WALL

20. The construction of a slurry wall begins with the “slurry excavation
technique.” A narrow trench is excavated and filled with slurry, a
clay-like mixture. The slurry mixture exerts hydraulic pressure against
the trench walls during the excavation process essentially acting as
support preventing the collapse of the wall even below groundwater.
Trenches for slurry wall construction are dug using hydraulic
excavators and can be dug to a depth of 0.5 to 1.5 m. Trenches dug
over a 50 m require the use of a special crane.
The trench is usually dug in a stratum that has low permeability such
as clay or bedrock so that leakage can be minimized as much as
possible.
SLURRY WALL

21. Slurry placed in the trench is typically a mixture of bentonite and
water combined in a mixer. The slurry is pumped directly from the
mixer through a pipe into the trench.
In addition to just stabilizing excavation, bentonite slurry forms what
is called a “filter cake” on the slurry trench walls, reducing the wall’s
final soil permeability.
Once excavation is completed, it is common the backfill the trench
with a mixture of excavated soil, dry bentonite, and bentonite slurry.
The backfill eventually has the consistency of wet concrete and is
placed into the end of the slurry trench, displacing the other slurry.
The process of excavation and backfill is carried out until the slurry
wall is completed.
SLURRY WALL

22. Diaphragm wall as cut-off for basement excavation

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