Caroline's Grammar Book

1. GRAMMAR BOOK (SECOND
SEMESTER)
By: Catalina Taylor

2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
 1. Pretèrito
 2. –car, -gar, -zar
 3. Spock
 4. Cucaracha
 5. Snake/Snakey
 6. Modal Verbs
 7. Adverbs
 8. Progressive- Past and Present
 9. Future
 10. Future- Irregulars
 11. Future- Conditional
 12. Superlatives
 13. Formal Commands
 14. Prepositions
 15. Demonstratives

3. PRETÈRITO
 The prederite is used for past actions that have already
been completed.
-ar verbs -er/-ir verbs
é amos í imos
aste asteis iste isteis
ó aron ió ieron

4. –CAR, -GAR, -ZAR
Tocar Jugar Comenzar
Toqué Jugué Comencé
Tocaste Jugaste Comenzaste
Tocó Jugó Comenzó
Toamos Jumamos Comenzamos
Tocaron Jugaron Comenzaron

5. SPOCK
I
Iste
dar
D-/v- Io
ver
Imos
ieron
-Fui
-Fuiste
-Fue
-Fuimos
-Fueron
Hice
Hiciste
Hizo
Hicimos
Hicieron

6. CUCARACHA
Andar Anduve-
Estar Estuve-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quere Quis-
Saber Sup- -e -imos
Tener Tuv- -iste -isteis
Venir Vin- -o -ieron
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj-

7. SNAKE/SNAKEY
Stem Changers
Dormí Dormimos
Dormir Dormiste
Durmió Durmieron
*The “o” changes to a “u” in the third person.
“Y” Changers
Leí Leimos
Leer Leiste
Leyó Leyeron
*The “i” changes to a “y” in the third person.

8. MODAL VERBS
 Conjugate and pair the model verb with an
infinitive to create a new meaning.
 Ir + a + infinitive(going to do something)
 Poder + infinitive(are able to do something)
 Querer + infinitive(want to do something)
 Deber + infinitive(should do something)
 Tener que + infinitive(to have to do
something)
 Soler + infinitive (to be accustomed to…)

9. ADVERBS
 -mente adverbs: formed by adding –mente to the
ending of the feminine singular form of a word
unless it ends in a consonant or –e.
Adjective Feminine form Adverb
Alegre Alegre Alegremente
 When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the
socond uses the –mente ending; the other is the
same as the feminine singular form of the adjective.
 There are also irregular adverbs that’s don’t use the
–mente ending such as mucho, muy, and mal.

10. PREGRESSIVE TENSE- PRESENT AND PAST
 Past Progressive: Conjugate estar to the imperfect
tense, drop the –ar, -er, -ir of the infinitie, and attach
the progressive tense.
 ESTAR + -ando/-iendo/-yendo
 Example: Estaba hablando a ti.(I was talking to you.)
 Pressent Progressive: formed by combining the
verb “to be” with the present participle.
 ESTAR + -ando/-iendo/-yendo
 Example: Estoy hablando a ti.(I am talking to you.)

11. FUTURE “WILL”
 The future tense describes what will occur in the
future.
 Example: I will eat.  Yo comè.
È
Ás
Infinitive + Á
Emos
Án

12. FUTURE- IRREGULARS
 Decir  Dir-
 Hacer  Har-
 Poner  Pondr- È
 Salir  Saldr- Ás
 Tener  Tendr-
Á
Emos
 Valer  Vendr-
Án
 Ponder  Podr
 Querer  Querr
 Saber  Sabr

13. FUTURE- CONDITIONAL
 The conditional tense is used to express probability
in the future tense.
 To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the
conditional, simply add one of the following to the
infinitive:
-ía -íamos
-ías -íais
-ía -ían

14. SUPERLATIVES
 When you want to say that something has the most
of least of a certain quality, use a superlative.
Most Least
El más El menos
Los más Los menos
La más La menos
Las más Las menos
 Examples:
 Luis es el más alto.
 Carmen es la menos cansada.

15. FORMAL COMMANDS
 For Us./Uds affirmative commands, put the verb in
the “yo” form and change it to the opposite vowel
ending.
 For formal negative commands, add “no”the
beginning and do the same procedure as above.
 Examples: Hable chico.
 No coma helado.

16. PREPOSITIONS
Arriba
: up
Encima:
above
Detrá
s:
behind
Izquierda: Derecha:
left right
Dentr Lejos:
o: Cerca:
withi far
n
close
Delant
e: in
front
Abajo:
below
Debajo:

17. DEMONSTRATIVES
• Este/ Esta (this)- aquí
• Ese/Esa (that)- allí
Singular • Aquel/Aquella (that over
there)- allá
• Estos/Estas (these)-
aquí
• Esos/Esas (those)-allí
Plural • Aquellos/Aquellas
(those over there)- allá
*adding an accent over the “e” turns it into a pronoun