History of Architecture

1. Prepared by:
ARCHT. JEYCARTER A.TILOY, UAP
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE 2

2. EARLY RENAISSANCE:
 ELIZABETHAN PERIOD (1558 to 1603 AD)
 During the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England
 Establishment of Renaissance style in England, followedTudor
architecture
 Transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail
 JACOBEAN PERIOD (1603 to 1625 AD)
 During the Reign of King James I of England
 blended Medieval and Renaissance styles
 characteristic of formal structures
 transition from Elizabethan to Pure Renaissance
 Predominant after Queen Elizabeth's reign
 Tends to be more unified and consistent

3. LATE RENAISSANCE
 STUART PERIOD (1625 to 1702 AD)
 1st Phase: Inigo Jones was influenced by Italian
Renaissance
 2nd Phase: Sir Christopher Wren was influenced by
French Renaissance
 GEORGIAN PERIOD (1702 to 1830 AD)
 Under this title is classed the architecture of the reigns of Anne
(A.D. 1702–14), George I (A.D. 1714–27), George II (A.D. 1727-60),
George III (A.D. 1760–1820), George IV (A.D. 1820–30).

4. The Renaissance in England
Renaissance architecture arrived in England during the
reign of Elizabeth I, having first spread through the Low
countries where among other features it acquired
versions of the Dutch gable, and Flemish strapwork in
geometric designs adorning the walls. The new style
tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses
such as Longleat House.

5. ELIZABETHAN PERIOD
 (1558 to 1603 AD)
The mansions displayed many new combinations of features. Externally,
towers,
gables, parapets, balustrades and chin:mey stacks produced an effective
skyline,
and walls were enlivened by oriel and bay-windows with mullions and
transoms,
while internally the same style, when applied to fittings, furniture, and
decoration,
made for repose, dignity and uniformity.
Elizabethan mansions looked outwards rather than inwards towards
courtyards as in
the Mediaeval periods, so that there now could be formal settings related

6. ELIZABETHAN MANSIONS
These mansions show a general similarity in their
arrangement with those of the Jacobean period.
The smaller mansions had a central hall flanked at
one end by kitchen and offices, and at the other by
withdrawing and living-rooms; while the larger types
was quadrangular with similar accommodation, but
with additional rooms grouped round the court, and
with a gatehouse in the centre of the entrance side.
Elizabethan and Jacobean architects adhered to
the Tudor plan for smaller
mansions, but they evolved the E-shaped plan from
the quadrangular plan by omitting one side of the

7. Elizabethan Country Houses
Wollaton Hall by Robert Smythson, 1580
Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire, Robert Smythson (1580-88). Wollaton was
built between 1580 and 1588 for Sir Francis Willoughby and is believed to
be designed by the Elizabethan architect, Robert Smythson, who was the

8. Plan of Wollaton Hall

9. Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire by Robert Smythson
1590-97
Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire, Robeert Smythson (1590-97) Hardwick Hall, in
Derbyshire, is one of the most significant Elizabethan country houses in England. In
common with its architect Robert Smythson's other works at both Longleat House
and Wollaton Hall, Hardwick Hall is one of the earliest examples of the English
interpretation of the Renaissance style of architecture, which came into fashion when
it was no longer thought necessary to fortify one's home.

10. Hardwick Hall
LONG GALLERY

11. The H-shaped plan was used also in this period. The gatehouse often
became a detached building features, such as the great hall, grand
staircase, and long gallery, are common to the typical houses . As
houses began to look outwards instead of into courts, surrounding
gardens developed on formal
lines.
The GREAT HALL still retained its central position, but became more
than ever a hall of state, connecting the various parts of the mansion.
The GRAND STAIRCASE, with carved newels and pierced balustrades,
and usually adjacent to the hall; forms dignified approach to the rooms
above, and its prominence as a feature is in marked contrast with the
inconvenient corkscrew stairs of the. Mediaeval period.
The Long Gallery -is perhaps the most striking feature of an Elizabethan
mansion, with ornamental chimney-pieces, paneled or tapestried walls,
large mullioned windows and modeled plaster ceiling. Long, low and
narrow though varied room-like bays.
The Withdrawing room or 'solar' of previous times was often
elaborately finished
with carved chimney-pieces and panelled walls. Bedrooms were
multiplied and
were often elaborate and a private chapel was frequently incorporated in
the

12. JACOBEAN PERIOD
 (1603 to 1625 AD)
As Roman Literature and models became better known, a subtle change
crept in, and
the sober regularity of classic columns and entablatures gradually
supplanted the irregularity
of Elizabethan architecture. There was a greater tendency for new
structures
to be designed by a single hand. Buildings still continued to be for domestic
rather than
religious use. and thus the style developed along lines suited to popular
needs, w1th
considerable latitude in detail and ornament; not only for buildings, but also
tor fittings

13. HATFIELD
HOUSE
Hatfield House is a country house set in a large park, the Great Park, on the
eastern side of the town of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. The present
Jacobean house was built in 1611 by Robert Cecil, First Earl of Salisbury and
Chief Minister to King James I and has been the home of the Cecil family ever
since. It is a prime example of Jacobean architecture and is currently the home
of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury. The house is open to the
public.

14. The house is E-shaped in plan,
with central hall and projecting
symmetrical wings, and is set off
by formal gardens.
The entrance front is 68.5 m
long, is of daringly plain
brickwork with stone mullioned
windows, relieved by a
projecting central entrance;
while the bay-windows of the
wings are taken up as small
lateral towers, and the building
is finished by a flat roof and
balustrade and dominated by a
central clock-turret. The South
front is much ornate in
treatment, with Doric, Ionic and
Corinthian orders superimposed
to form a center-piece flanked
by an arcaded ground storey·,
mullioned windows and pierced
parapet. The two storey hall with
mullioned windows,
minstrels's gallery, and modeled

15. STUART PERIOD
(1625 to 1702 AD)

16. Inigo Jones
July 15, 1573 - June 21, 1652
Inigo Jones is regarded
as the first significant
British architect of the
modern period, and the
first to bring Italianate
Renaissance
architecture to
England. He left his
mark on London by
single buildings, such
as the Banqueting
House, Whitehall and
in area design for
Covent Garden square
which became a model
Above: Queen's House, Greenwich, 1616 was
built for James I’s wife, Anne of Denmark. It was
finished in 1635 and was the first strictly
classical building in England, employing ideas
found in the architecture of Palladio and ancient
Rome. This is Inigo Jones's earliest surviving

17. Plan of Queen’s House by Inigo
Jones

18. THE WHITEHALL PALACE
The Palace of Whitehall (or Palace of White Hall) was the main
residence of the English monarchs in London from 1530 until
1698 when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was
destroyed by fire. Before the fire it had grown to be the largest
palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms, overtaking the Vatican
and Versailles. The palace gives its name, Whitehall, to the road
on which many of the current administrative buildings of the UK
government are situated, and hence metonymically to the central

19. In Tudor and Early Stuart English architecture a
banqueting house is a separate building reached
through pleasure gardens from the main residence,
whose use is purely for entertaining.
Banqueting House,
Whitehall, London
(1619-22) The
Banqueting House,
Whitehall, London, is
the grandest and best
known survivor of the
architectural genre of
banqueting house, and
the only remaining
component of the
Palace of Whitehall. The
building is important in
the history of English
architecture as the first
building to be completed
in the neo-classical style
which was to transform
English architecture.
Begun in 1619, and
designed by Inigo Jones
in a style influenced by
Palladio, the Banqueting

21. SIR CHRISTOPHER WREN
October 20, 1632 - February 25, 1723
Sir Christopher Michael Wren is one of
the most highly acclaimed English
architects in history. He was accorded
responsibility for rebuilding 52 churches
in the City of London after the Great Fire
in 1666, including his masterpiece, St.
Paul's Cathedral, on Ludgate Hill,
completed in 1710.
The principal creative responsibility for a
number of the churches is now more
commonly attributed to others in his
office, especially Nicholas Hawksmoor.
Other notable buildings by Wren include
the Royal Naval College, Greenwich, and
the south front of Hampton Court Palace.
The Wren Building, the main building at
the College of William and Mary, is
attributed to Wren. It is the oldest
academic building in continuous use in
the United States.
Educated in Latin and Aristotelian physics
at the University of Oxford, Wren was a
notable anatomist, astronomer, geometer,
and mathematician-physicist, as well as
an architect. He was a founder of the

22. Wren’s plan for Rebuilding
the City of London after the
Great Fire in 1666
Old map of London before
the Great Fire of 1666
Map of the Spread of the Great Fire in
London, 1666

23. St Paul’s London

24. St Paul’s
• The Cathedral is one of the most famous and
most recognizable sights of LONDON, with its
dome, framed by the spires of Wren's City
Churches, dominating the skyline for 300
years. At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was the
tallest building in LONDON from 1710 to
1962, and its dome is also among the highest
in the world. In terms of area, St Paul's is
the second largest church building in
the UNITED KINGDOM after LIVERPOOL
Cathedral.

25. Old St. Paul Cathedral before the Great Fire of 1666.

26. St Paul's Cathedral, London, is an Anglican cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of
London and the mother church of the Diocese of London. It sits at the top of Ludgate
Hill, the highest point in the City of London. Its dedication to Paul the Apostle dates
back to the original church on this site, founded in AD 604. The present church,
dating from the late 17th century, was designed in the English Baroque style by Sir
Christopher Wren. Its construction, completed within Wren's lifetime, was part of a
major rebuilding programme which took place in the city after the Great Fire of
London.
The cathedral is one of the most famous and most recognisable sights of London,
with its dome, framed by the spires of Wren's City churches, dominating the skyline
for 300 years. At 365 feet (111 m) high, it was the tallest building in London from
1710 to 1962, and its dome is also among the highest in the world. In terms of area,
St Paul's is the second largest church building in the United Kingdom after Liverpool
Cathedral.
St Paul's Cathedral occupies a significant place in the national identity of the English
population. It is the central subject of much promotional material, as well as postcard
images of the dome standing tall, surrounded by the smoke and fire of the Blitz.
Important services held at St Paul's have included the funerals of Lord Nelson, the
Duke of Wellington, Sir Winston Churchill and Margaret Thatcher; Jubilee
celebrations for Queen Victoria; peace services marking the end of the First and
Second World Wars; the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales, and Lady Diana
Spencer, the launch of the Festival of Britain and the thanksgiving services for the
Golden Jubilee, the 80th Birthday and the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II. St Paul's
Cathedral is a busy working church, with hourly prayer and daily services.

27. Architect
Sir Christopher Wren was the Architect
Who Rebuilt London.
After the Great Fire of London, Sir
Christopher Wren designed new
churches and supervised the
reconstruction of some of London's
most important buildings.
• Born:
October 20, 1632 at East Knoyle in
Wiltshire, England
• Died:
February 25, 1723 in London, at age
91.

28. • The St. Paul is constructed in BAROQUE STYLE.
• A style of architecture and art originating in ITALY in the early 17th
century and variously prevalent in EUROPE and the New World for a
century and a half, characterized by free and sculptural use of the
classical orders and ornament, by forms in elevation and plan
suggesting movement, and by dramatic effect in which architecture,
panting, sculpture, and the decorative arts often worked to
combined effect.

29. Length 555ft (160m)
Nave width 121ft (37m)
Width across transepts 246ft (75m)
Details

30. The WHISPERING GALLERY runs around the inside of the dome 99 feet (30.2 m) above the
cathedral floor. It is reached by 259 steps from ground level. It gets its name because of the
acoustic effects peculiar to domes; a whisper against its wall at any point is audible to a listener
with an ear held to the wall at any other point around the gallery. A low murmur is equally
audible.

31. Specifications
Height 365ft (111m)
Dome height (outer) 278ft (85m)
Dome height (inner) 225ft (68m)
Dome diameter (outer) 112ft (34m)
Dome diameter (inner) 102ft (31m)

32. Structural Features
Buttress given for extra
strength for screen walls.
Deep recesses in the walls
for windows.
Thick walls are provided
internally.
The large crossing dome is composed of three layers: the first triple dome
ever to be constructed. The inner and outer layers are catenary curves,
but the structural integrity to support the heavy stone structure atop the
dome is provided by a intermediary layer which is much steeper and
more conical in shape. The dome is restrained round its base by a
wrought iron chain to prevent it spreading and cracking.

33. Structural Features
Vault

34. Number of towers 2
Tower height 221ft (67m)

35. • Details of the towers at the
west end (illustration, left)
and their dark voids are
boldly scaled, in order to
read well from the street
below and from a distance,
for the towers have always
stood out in the urban
skyline. They are composed
of two complementary
elements, a central cylinder
rising through the tiers in a
series of stacked drums,
and paired CORINTHIAN
COLUMNS at the corners,
with BUTTRESSES above
them, which serve to unify
the drum shape with the
square block plinth
containing the clock.
Description

36. • The base of the inner dome is 173 feet (53.4 m) above the
floor. Its top is about 65 m above the floor, making this the
greatest height of the enclosed space. The cathedral is some
574 feet (175 m) in length (including the portico of the
Great West Door), of which 223 feet (68 m) is the nave and
167 feet (51 m) is the choir. The width of the nave is 121
feet (37 m) and across the transepts is 246 feet (75 m). The
cathedral is thus slightly shorter but somewhat wider than
Old St Paul's.
Corinthian columns

37. • The clock mechanism was
built in 1893 by Smith of
Derby incorporating a design
of escapement. clock
mechanism is 5.8 meters long
and is the most recent of the
clocks introduced to ST
PAUL'S CATHEDRAL over the
centuries.

40. GEORGIAN PERIOD
(1702 to 1830 AD)
The Georgian house was generally planned as a simple symmetrical
square or rectangular block with or without wings. The grander winged
examples
were the seats of the more well -to-do and the aristocracy. The centre .third of
the main
block in both types was usually occupied by the entrance hall, which, in the
larger
houses was carried up the full height of two storeys. The staircase, also
designed for
show, was either axially beyond or to one side of the hall and was seen
through columned
or arched screens. In the simple block type a single staircase sufficed, but in

41. BLENHEIM PALACE
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshlre (1704-20) is the most
monumental mansion in England. Sir John Vanbrugh's
bold and forceful personality stamped itself on all his
designs which are characterized by his love of
projecting porticos, twined columns supports for
trophies and the contrast of light and shade.

42. Designed by William Kent a representative of Palladian character in the
present class.
The plan shows no deliberate framing of the entrance court by the wings, which
here
number four instead of two and give symmetrical elevations on all four fronts. A
grand
feature of the central block is the halt, adorned by Ionic, colonnades which turn
in an
apse to enclose an axial flight of steps rising to the 'piano nobile' or principal
floor; the
chief apartments include a stately gallery of three related rooms. Externally. on
WILLIAM KENT
PLAN OF BLENHEIM PALACE

43. The SWAN HOUSE, Chichester
The SWAN HOUSE,
Chichester (1711) is built
wholly in gauged and rubbed
brickwork, the centre third
thrust forward to frame
narrow lights on either side
of the pilastered and
segmentally pedimented
door case. Above the dentil
and moulded brick cornice is
a panelled parapet partly
concealing the hipped and
tilled roof. Exposed sash
boxes and thick glazing bars
enliven the front. As this is a
town house, it is set back
from the pavement edge and
ha.s a wrought-iron
balustrade on a low wall with
gate piers and steps.