9. cath (or catheterization)
Latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube
used to drain urine from a patient’s
urinary bladder
10. cath (or catheterization)
Latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube
used to drain urine from a patient’s
urinary bladder
Inserted through urethra
11. cath (or catheterization)
Latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube
used to drain urine from a patient’s
urinary bladder
Inserted through urethra
Tubes are commonly between 3.3
and 9.3 mm in diameter
12. cath (or catheterization)
Latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube
used to drain urine from a patient’s
urinary bladder
Inserted through urethra
Tubes are commonly between 3.3
and 9.3 mm in diameter
Used to drain urine from a patient’s
bladder
13. cath (or catheterization)
Latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube
used to drain urine from a patient’s
urinary bladder
Inserted through urethra
Tubes are commonly between 3.3
and 9.3 mm in diameter
Used to drain urine from a patient’s
bladder
May be permanent or indwelling (known
as a Foley catheter) or intermittent
(known as a Robinson catheter)
14. cath (or catheterization)
Latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube
used to drain urine from a patient’s
urinary bladder
Inserted through urethra
Tubes are commonly between 3.3
and 9.3 mm in diameter
Used to drain urine from a patient’s
bladder
May be permanent or indwelling (known
as a Foley catheter) or intermittent
(known as a Robinson catheter)
Additional uses include:
15. cath (or catheterization)
Latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube
used to drain urine from a patient’s
urinary bladder
Inserted through urethra
Tubes are commonly between 3.3
and 9.3 mm in diameter
Used to drain urine from a patient’s
bladder
May be permanent or indwelling (known
as a Foley catheter) or intermittent
(known as a Robinson catheter)
Additional uses include:
Used to inject liquids used for
diagnostic procedures
16. cath (or catheterization)
Latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube
used to drain urine from a patient’s
urinary bladder
Inserted through urethra
Tubes are commonly between 3.3
and 9.3 mm in diameter
Used to drain urine from a patient’s
bladder
May be permanent or indwelling (known
as a Foley catheter) or intermittent
(known as a Robinson catheter)
Additional uses include:
Used to inject liquids used for
diagnostic procedures
Used to administer medications
17. cath (or catheterization)
Latex, polyurethane, or silicone tube
used to drain urine from a patient’s
urinary bladder
Inserted through urethra
Tubes are commonly between 3.3
and 9.3 mm in diameter
Used to drain urine from a patient’s
bladder
May be permanent or indwelling (known
as a Foley catheter) or intermittent
(known as a Robinson catheter)
Additional uses include:
Used to inject liquids used for
diagnostic procedures
Used to administer medications
20. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
21. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
Frequent cause of nosocomial
infections
22. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
Frequent cause of nosocomial
infections
Must be heavily maintained/
cleaned in order to prevent
complications
23. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
Frequent cause of nosocomial
infections
Must be heavily maintained/
cleaned in order to prevent
complications
Complication include:
24. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
Frequent cause of nosocomial
infections
Must be heavily maintained/
cleaned in order to prevent
complications
Complication include:
bacterial infection
25. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
Frequent cause of nosocomial
infections
Must be heavily maintained/
cleaned in order to prevent
complications
Complication include:
bacterial infection
sepsis
26. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
Frequent cause of nosocomial
infections
Must be heavily maintained/
cleaned in order to prevent
complications
Complication include:
bacterial infection
sepsis
bladder stones
27. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
Frequent cause of nosocomial
infections
Must be heavily maintained/
cleaned in order to prevent
complications
Complication include:
bacterial infection
sepsis
bladder stones
urethral injury
28. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
Frequent cause of nosocomial
infections
Must be heavily maintained/
cleaned in order to prevent
complications
Complication include:
bacterial infection
sepsis
bladder stones
urethral injury
Should be used as last resort in
incontinent patients
29. cath (continued)
More difficult to place in women due
to variances in anatomical structure
Frequent cause of nosocomial
infections
Must be heavily maintained/
cleaned in order to prevent
complications
Complication include:
bacterial infection
sepsis
bladder stones
urethral injury
Should be used as last resort in
incontinent patients
31. ESWL (or extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy)
Used to treat kidney
stones non-invasively
32. ESWL (or extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy)
Used to treat kidney
stones non-invasively
Developed in the early
1980s by Dornier
MedTech Systems
GmbH
33. ESWL (or extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy)
Used to treat kidney
stones non-invasively
Developed in the early
1980s by Dornier
MedTech Systems
GmbH
Works best with
stones between
2-4mm in diameter
34. ESWL (or extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy)
Used to treat kidney
stones non-invasively
Developed in the early
1980s by Dornier
MedTech Systems
GmbH
Works best with
stones between
2-4mm in diameter
35. ESWL (or extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy)
Used to treat kidney
stones non-invasively
Developed in the early
1980s by Dornier
MedTech Systems
GmbH
Works best with
stones between
2-4mm in diameter
40. ESWL (cont.)
Can also be used to break
stones in ureters and the
gallbladder but with lower
results
41. ESWL (cont.)
Can also be used to break
stones in ureters and the
gallbladder but with lower
results
Relatively low overall
complication rate around
5-20%
42. ESWL (cont.)
Can also be used to break
stones in ureters and the
gallbladder but with lower
results
Relatively low overall
complication rate around
5-20%
Complications due to capillary
damage/hemorrhage include:
43. ESWL (cont.)
Can also be used to break
stones in ureters and the
gallbladder but with lower
results
Relatively low overall
complication rate around
5-20%
Complications due to capillary
damage/hemorrhage include:
renal failure
44. ESWL (cont.)
Can also be used to break
stones in ureters and the
gallbladder but with lower
results
Relatively low overall
complication rate around
5-20%
Complications due to capillary
damage/hemorrhage include:
renal failure
hypertension
47. BUN (or blood urea nitrogen)
Assessment of the amount
of nitrogen (found within
urea molecules) in the
blood
48. BUN (or blood urea nitrogen)
Assessment of the amount
of nitrogen (found within
urea molecules) in the
blood
Indicates level of renal
health
49. BUN (or blood urea nitrogen)
Assessment of the amount
of nitrogen (found within
urea molecules) in the
blood
Indicates level of renal
health
Normal levels range from
2.5-6.5 mmol/L or 7-21 mg/
dL
50. BUN (or blood urea nitrogen)
Assessment of the amount
of nitrogen (found within
urea molecules) in the
blood
Indicates level of renal
health
Normal levels range from
2.5-6.5 mmol/L or 7-21 mg/
dL
Usually measured
alongside blood creatinine
levels
51. BUN (or blood urea nitrogen)
Assessment of the amount
of nitrogen (found within
urea molecules) in the
blood
Indicates level of renal
health
Normal levels range from
2.5-6.5 mmol/L or 7-21 mg/
dL
Usually measured
alongside blood creatinine
levels
53. BUN (cont.)
Below normal levels indicates
reduced reabsorption of BUN by
the kidneys, usually as a result of
kidney damage
54. BUN (cont.)
Below normal levels indicates
reduced reabsorption of BUN by
the kidneys, usually as a result of
kidney damage
Above normal levels indicate over
reabsorption of BUN, usually as a
result of dehydration
55. BUN (cont.)
Below normal levels indicates
reduced reabsorption of BUN by
the kidneys, usually as a result of
kidney damage
Above normal levels indicate over
reabsorption of BUN, usually as a
result of dehydration
Other causes of abnormal levels
of BUN include:
56. BUN (cont.)
Below normal levels indicates
reduced reabsorption of BUN by
the kidneys, usually as a result of
kidney damage
Above normal levels indicate over
reabsorption of BUN, usually as a
result of dehydration
Other causes of abnormal levels
of BUN include:
acute renal failure
57. BUN (cont.)
Below normal levels indicates
reduced reabsorption of BUN by
the kidneys, usually as a result of
kidney damage
Above normal levels indicate over
reabsorption of BUN, usually as a
result of dehydration
Other causes of abnormal levels
of BUN include:
acute renal failure
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
58. BUN (cont.)
Below normal levels indicates
reduced reabsorption of BUN by
the kidneys, usually as a result of
kidney damage
Above normal levels indicate over
reabsorption of BUN, usually as a
result of dehydration
Other causes of abnormal levels
of BUN include:
acute renal failure
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
old age
59. BUN (cont.)
Below normal levels indicates
reduced reabsorption of BUN by
the kidneys, usually as a result of
kidney damage
Above normal levels indicate over
reabsorption of BUN, usually as a
result of dehydration
Other causes of abnormal levels
of BUN include:
acute renal failure
gastrointestinal hemorrhage
old age
62. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
63. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
64. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
Causes include:
65. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
Causes include:
Low blood volume
66. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
Causes include:
Low blood volume
Obstruction of UT
67. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
Causes include:
Low blood volume
Obstruction of UT
Harmful substances encountered during
renal filtration
68. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
Causes include:
Low blood volume
Obstruction of UT
Harmful substances encountered during
renal filtration
Complications include:
69. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
Causes include:
Low blood volume
Obstruction of UT
Harmful substances encountered during
renal filtration
Complications include:
High potassium and BUN/creatinine levels
70. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
Causes include:
Low blood volume
Obstruction of UT
Harmful substances encountered during
renal filtration
Complications include:
High potassium and BUN/creatinine levels
acidosis
71. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
Causes include:
Low blood volume
Obstruction of UT
Harmful substances encountered during
renal filtration
Complications include:
High potassium and BUN/creatinine levels
acidosis
uremia
72. ARF (or acute renal failure)
Also known as AKI (acute kidney injury)
Rapid loss of kidney function due to a large range
of probable causes
Causes include:
Low blood volume
Obstruction of UT
Harmful substances encountered during
renal filtration
Complications include:
High potassium and BUN/creatinine levels
acidosis
uremia
failure of other organs
79. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
80. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
81. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
82. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
83. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
More common in woman due to urethral proximity
to anus
84. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
More common in woman due to urethral proximity
to anus
Symptoms include:
85. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
More common in woman due to urethral proximity
to anus
Symptoms include:
dysuria (lower)
86. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
More common in woman due to urethral proximity
to anus
Symptoms include:
dysuria (lower)
high urinary frequency (lower)
87. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
More common in woman due to urethral proximity
to anus
Symptoms include:
dysuria (lower)
high urinary frequency (lower)
lower back/flank pain (upper)
88. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
More common in woman due to urethral proximity
to anus
Symptoms include:
dysuria (lower)
high urinary frequency (lower)
lower back/flank pain (upper)
fever (upper)
89. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
More common in woman due to urethral proximity
to anus
Symptoms include:
dysuria (lower)
high urinary frequency (lower)
lower back/flank pain (upper)
fever (upper)
nausea/vomiting (upper)
90. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
More common in woman due to urethral proximity
to anus
Symptoms include:
dysuria (lower)
high urinary frequency (lower)
lower back/flank pain (upper)
fever (upper)
nausea/vomiting (upper)
pyuria (upper/lower)
91. UTI (or urinary tract infection)
Bacterial (occasionally viral/fungal) infection of the
urinary tract
Usually caused by E. Coli
Lower UTI called cystitis (bladder infection)
Upper UTI called pyelonephritis (kidney infection)
More common in woman due to urethral proximity
to anus
Symptoms include:
dysuria (lower)
high urinary frequency (lower)
lower back/flank pain (upper)
fever (upper)
nausea/vomiting (upper)
pyuria (upper/lower)
94. UTI (cont.)
50% of woman will have one
UTI in their lifetime with many
experiencing recurrences
95. UTI (cont.)
50% of woman will have one
UTI in their lifetime with many
experiencing recurrences
Treatment usually consists of
daily antibiotic such as
nitrofuratoin or trimethoprim
96. UTI (cont.)
50% of woman will have one
UTI in their lifetime with many
experiencing recurrences
Treatment usually consists of
daily antibiotic such as
nitrofuratoin or trimethoprim
Upper UTIs are treated more
aggressively with strong
antibiotics such as
ciprofloxacin and are many
times admitted for
surveillance