CBO’s Role in the Congressional Budget Process

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Presentation by Megan Carroll, an analyst for CBO’s Budget Analysis Division, at the Budget Formulation and Execution Line of Business’s Fall Forum. Since 1975, CBO has produced nonpartisan analyses of budgetary and economic issues to support the Congressional budget process. Each year, the agency’s economists and budget analysts produce dozens of reports and hundreds of cost estimates for proposed legislation. This presentation makes key points related to CBO’ cost estimates for proposed legislation and how they relate to budget enforcement procedures.

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Congressional Budget Office
CBO’s Role in the
Congressional Budget Process
Budget Formulation and Execution Line of Business
Fall Forum
November 1, 2016
Megan Carroll
Budget Analysis Division

2CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
CBO’s estimates are tools that the Congress
can use to implement rules and procedures
related to budget enforcement.

3CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Those procedures and CBO’s estimates
recognize the fundamental distinction
between the three primary components of
the federal budget:
• Discretionary spending—Authority
provided in annual appropriation acts
• Mandatory (or direct) spending—
Spending controlled by laws other than
annual appropriation acts
• Revenues

4CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
How Cost Estimates Relate to Budget
Enforcement Procedures

5CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Not all estimates are relevant to budget
enforcement procedures.
There are no budget enforcement
procedures for bills that change
authorizations of spending that is subject to
future appropriation action.

6CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Changes in mandatory spending or
revenues are subject to pay-as-you-go
procedures.
New budget authority in annual
appropriation bills is subject to limits
specified in law.

7CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Key Points About
CBO’s Estimates and the
Congressional Budget Process

8CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
We estimate the budgetary effects of bills
that provide spending authority or affect
revenues relative to current law, using the
perspective of the unified budget.

9CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
We estimate the budgetary effects of bills
that provide spending authority or affect
revenues relative to current law, using the
perspective of the unified budget.

10CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
We estimate the budgetary effects of bills
that provide spending authority or affect
revenues relative to current law, using the
perspective of the unified budget.

11CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
We estimate the budgetary effects of bills
that provide spending authority or affect
revenues relative to current law, using the
perspective of the unified budget.

12CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
How Agencies Can Assist CBO

13CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
CBO consults:
• Hill staff
• Stakeholders
• Agency staff (Budget, Legislative Affairs,
program offices)
• Counterparts in the Office of Management
and Budget
• Outside experts

14CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Open, transparent lines of communication
are vital.

15CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
The key to estimating costs of implementing
proposed legislation is identifying changes in
agency behavior:
• Are new activities required or would the
agency have discretion?
• Would legislation result in the agency
undertaking activities that it wouldn’t
otherwise pursue or in a way different
from what it would do under current law?

16CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE
Preliminary, unofficial feedback helps CBO
gauge how much time the estimate will take.
Formal responses are usually not
necessary.

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Using Multiple Data Sources to Learn About the Race and Ethnicity of Taxpayers

Perspectives on the Navy’s 2024 Shipbuilding Plan

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Exploring the Effects of Medicaid During Childhood on the Economy and the Budget

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Projecting the Effects of U.S. Federal Policies on Electric Vehicle Demand an...

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CBO’s Role in the Congressional Budget Process

1. Congressional Budget Office CBO’s Role in the Congressional Budget Process Budget Formulation and Execution Line of Business Fall Forum November 1, 2016 Megan Carroll Budget Analysis Division

2. 1CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO’s Role

3. 2CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO’s estimates are tools that the Congress can use to implement rules and procedures related to budget enforcement.

4. 3CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Those procedures and CBO’s estimates recognize the fundamental distinction between the three primary components of the federal budget: • Discretionary spending—Authority provided in annual appropriation acts • Mandatory (or direct) spending— Spending controlled by laws other than annual appropriation acts • Revenues

5. 4CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE How Cost Estimates Relate to Budget Enforcement Procedures

6. 5CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Not all estimates are relevant to budget enforcement procedures. There are no budget enforcement procedures for bills that change authorizations of spending that is subject to future appropriation action.

7. 6CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Changes in mandatory spending or revenues are subject to pay-as-you-go procedures. New budget authority in annual appropriation bills is subject to limits specified in law.

8. 7CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Key Points About CBO’s Estimates and the Congressional Budget Process

9. 8CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE We estimate the budgetary effects of bills that provide spending authority or affect revenues relative to current law, using the perspective of the unified budget.

10. 9CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE We estimate the budgetary effects of bills that provide spending authority or affect revenues relative to current law, using the perspective of the unified budget.

11. 10CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE We estimate the budgetary effects of bills that provide spending authority or affect revenues relative to current law, using the perspective of the unified budget.

12. 11CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE We estimate the budgetary effects of bills that provide spending authority or affect revenues relative to current law, using the perspective of the unified budget.

13. 12CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE How Agencies Can Assist CBO

14. 13CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE CBO consults: • Hill staff • Stakeholders • Agency staff (Budget, Legislative Affairs, program offices) • Counterparts in the Office of Management and Budget • Outside experts

15. 14CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Open, transparent lines of communication are vital.

16. 15CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE The key to estimating costs of implementing proposed legislation is identifying changes in agency behavior: • Are new activities required or would the agency have discretion? • Would legislation result in the agency undertaking activities that it wouldn’t otherwise pursue or in a way different from what it would do under current law?

17. 16CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE Preliminary, unofficial feedback helps CBO gauge how much time the estimate will take. Formal responses are usually not necessary.

CBO’s Role in the Congressional Budget Process

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