Learning english grammar

1. Chapter 2Chapter 2
Cecibel Villca RochaCecibel Villca Rocha
Jenny Lara CanelasJenny Lara Canelas

2. Contents
• Auxiliary verbs: be, do and have.
• Simple present, present continuous,
present perfect continuous and
present perfect.

3. PART 1

4. A. Statements, Yes/No Questions,
and Short Responses
With Do
Examples
Affirmative statements
We study a lot.
Maria has a lot to do.
Negative statements
They don’t study a lot.
He doesn’t have a lot to do.
Yes/No
questions
Do you study a lot?
Does she have a lot to do?
Possible
responses
Yes, I do. No, I don’t.
Yes, she does.
No, she doesn’t

5. With Be, Have and Modal Auxiliaries
Examples
Affirmative statements
We are studying.
Maria can help.
Tomas has left.
Negative statements
They aren’t studying now.
Ming can’t help.
Ali hasn’t left.
Yes/No
questions
Are you studying now?
Can Leah help?
Has Alfred left?
Possible responses
Yes, I am. No, I’m not.
Yes, she can. No, she can’t.
Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t

6. B. Information Questions
Question
word
Auxiliary verb
+ negative
Subject
When do
did
you have class?
you have class last semester?
Where will
are
have
had
you take classes?
you going to take classes?
you taken classes?
you taken classes before enrolling
here?
Why are
weren’t
you late?
you on time yesterday?

7. Common Question Words
• how
• how… like
• how + adjective or adverb
• what
• what… be (look) like
• what + noun
• when
• where
• which + noun
• who(m)
• whose
• why
• why not
• asks about manner
• asks for an opinion
• asks about things
• asks for a description
• asks for specific details
• asks about time (specific or general)
• asks about place
• asks about a specific person, place....
• asks about people
• asks about ownership or possession
• asks about reasons
• gives suggestions

8. C. Information Questions about Subjects:
Who, Whose, Which and What
Examples
Question
Response
Who teaches that class?
Dr. Johnson
Question
Response
Who teaches that class?
Dr. Johnson and two teaching assistants.
Question
Response
Whose class has a lot of reading?
Dr. Johnson’s class.
Question
Response
Which art class has the most work?
Which (one) has the most work?
Art 210.
Question
Response
What makes the class so difficult?
The amount of homework.

9. D. Negative Yes/No Questions. Negative Yes/No Questions
Examples
Asking for
information
TEACHER: “You look confused. Didn’t you study?”
STUDENT: “Yes, I did, but I didn’t understand the
homework.”
Showing surprise
or anger
TEACHER: “This paper has a lot of misspelled words!
Didn’t you use your dictionary to check the
spellings?”
STUDENT: “No, I didn’t. I’m sorry.”
Expectations or beliefs.

10. PART 2

11. A. The Simple Present TenseA. The Simple Present Tense
USESUSES EXAMPLESEXAMPLES
FactsFacts Alan and LuAlan and Lu areare professors at theprofessors at the
university.university.
AlanAlan workworkss in the physics departmentin the physics department
LuLu teachteacheses music.music.
RoutinesRoutines LuLu hashas classes every day.classes every day.
AlanAlan doesn’t havedoesn’t have classes on Tuesdays orclasses on Tuesdays or
ThursdaysThursdays
OpinionsOpinions
Do theyDo they enjoyenjoy their work?their work?
Lu eLu enjoynjoyss her classes very much.her classes very much.
Alan doesn’t like to teach.Alan doesn’t like to teach.
Reference of the futureReference of the future Next year, AlanNext year, Alan hashas a sabbatical.a sabbatical.
HeHe doesn’t teachdoesn’t teach next year.next year.

12. Adverbs Of Frequency And Other TimeAdverbs Of Frequency And Other Time
ExpressionsExpressions
Adverbs of FrequencyAdverbs of Frequency Other TimeOther Time
ExpressionsExpressions
AlwaysAlways
Almost alwaysAlmost always
Usually, normally, typically,Usually, normally, typically,
commonly, generallycommonly, generally
Often, frequentlyOften, frequently
SometimesSometimes
OccasionallyOccasionally
SeldomSeldom
RarelyRarely
Hardly everHardly ever
Almost neverAlmost never
nevernever
……100 percent..100 percent..
……0 percent …0 percent …
Without failWithout fail
As a ruleAs a rule
On a regular basisOn a regular basis
By and largeBy and large
In generalIn general
At time, from time toAt time, from time to
timetime
On occasionOn occasion
(every) now and then(every) now and then
(every) now and again(every) now and again
Once in a (great) whileOnce in a (great) while

13. Placement of Adverbs of FrequencyPlacement of Adverbs of Frequency
ExamplesExamples
In Statements with One VerbIn Statements with One Verb WeWe usuallyusually go to the university ongo to the university on
Mondays.Mondays.
My roommateMy roommate almost alwaysalmost always finishesfinishes
earlyearly
II seldomseldom finish my work before 6:00finish my work before 6:00
In Statements with AuxiliaryIn Statements with Auxiliary
Verbs and BE as the MainVerbs and BE as the Main
VerbVerb
Our classes areOur classes are generallygenerally interestinginteresting
I don’tI don’t alwaysalways enjoys them, however.enjoys them, however.
We haveWe have occasionallyoccasionally skipped classesskipped classes
In QuestionsIn Questions Are youAre you everever late for class?late for class?
Do youDo you usuallyusually get to class on time?get to class on time?
Longer Expressions withLonger Expressions with
Verbs in All TenseVerbs in All Tense
As a ruleAs a rule, we get to the university early., we get to the university early.
I’m lateI’m late every now and themevery now and them

14. C. The Present Continuous TenseC. The Present Continuous Tense
USESUSES EXAMPLESEXAMPLES
Activities at the Moment ofActivities at the Moment of
SpeakingSpeaking
SandySandy is studyiis studyingng in the other room rightin the other room right
now.now.
JimJim is workis workinging on the computer.on the computer.
I’m proofreadI’m proofreadinging the report.the report.
Current ActivitiesCurrent Activities
SandySandy is majoringis majoring in economics.in economics.
SheShe isn’t takingisn’t taking many courses this semester.many courses this semester.
ReferenceReference SandySandy is not takingis not taking classes next semester.classes next semester.
sheshe isis goinggoing to Europe insteadto Europe instead

15. D. Verbs Not Normally Used in theD. Verbs Not Normally Used in the
Continuous TenseContinuous Tense
Verbs of feeling or thoughtVerbs of feeling or thought ExamplesExamples
Appreciate BeAppreciate Be
BelieveBelieve ConsiderConsider
Dislike HateDislike Hate
Know LikeKnow Like
LoveLove MeanMean
Mind MissMind Miss
Need PreferNeed Prefer
RecognizeRecognize WantWant
RememberRemember
ThinkThink
UnderstandUnderstand
HeHe doesn’t understanddoesn’t understand the problemthe problem
WeWe needneed to talk about it.to talk about it.
II thinkthink that is a good ideathat is a good idea
WeWe preferprefer to talk later.to talk later.
Compare:Compare:
WeWe have been consideringhave been considering anotheranother
possibilitypossibility
II am Thinkingam Thinking about several otherabout several other
possibilities now.possibilities now.

16. Verbs of PerceptionVerbs of Perception ExamplesExamples
ApperApper
HearHear
LookLook
SeeSee
SeemSeem
SmellSmell
SoundSound
tastetaste
This apple lThis apple looksooks good.good.
ItIt tastestastes deliciousdelicious
Compare:Compare:
II am lookingam looking at the apple now.at the apple now.
II am tastingam tasting the apple nowthe apple now

17. PART 3

18. A. The Present Perfect Continuous TenseThe Present Perfect Continuous Tense
This tense stresses the duration of an activity.
Examples Notes
How long have you been studying
English?
I have been studying English for six
years.
My brother has also been taking English
since he was in high school.
Lately, he has been complaining about
his classes.
for + a period of time
since + beggining time
all morning (day, week)
lately, so far, to date, up to
now
How long…?

19. B. The Present Perfect TenseB. The Present Perfect Tense
EXAMPLESEXAMPLES
With For, Since, andWith For, Since, and
Other TimeOther Time
ExpressionsExpressions
We’We’veve workedworked hardhard forfor several weeks.several weeks.
I’I’veve studiedstudied a lota lot sincesince the beginning ofthe beginning of
the semester.the semester.
Our teacherOur teacher hasn’t taughthasn’t taught herehere forfor veryvery
long.long.
With Verbs NotWith Verbs Not
Normally Used in theNormally Used in the
Continuous TenseContinuous Tense
WeWe haven’t understoodhaven’t understood everything ineverything in
class.class.
The classThe class has seemedhas seemed difficult.difficult.
The home wokThe home wok has beenhas been complicated.complicated.

20. PRACTICEPRACTICE
1. Complete the following with present perfect
continuous forms of the verbs in
parentheses. Use contractions when
possible. Mark all cases where both forms
are possible and try to explain any
differences in meaning between the two
tenses. The first one is done as an example.

21. Dear Susan:
I’ ve meant or ‘ve been meaningve meant or ‘ve been meaning (mean) to write you for weeks, but
I ______ (not/ have) much time! My classes _______ (seem) much
more difficult this semester, and I__________ (be/not) able to do
anything but study. I ____________ (consider) dropping one course,
but so far I ___________________ (not/ decide) which one. To be honest,
I______________________ (enjoy/really) all my classes up to now, and
I __________________ (not/ mind) all the work. It’s funny… until now,
I _________________ (hate/always) science courses, but this semester
I__________________________ (begin) to change my mind.
Physics class _________ (be) my best. We ____________ (study)
Newtonian physics for the past few weeks and I ________ (learn) so
many interesting things. How _______(go) things __________?
I __________ (think) of you a lot. Please give my best to everyone.

22. Dear Susan:
I’ ve meant or ‘ve been meaningve meant or ‘ve been meaning (mean) to write you for weeks, but
I ___PP____PP_ (not/ have) much time! My classes __PP____PP__ (seem) much
more difficult this semester, and I____PP________PP____ (be/not) able to do
anything by study. I _____PP__________PP_____ (consider) dropping one course,
but so far I __PP_____PP___ (not/ decide) which one. To be honest, I__PP /__PP /
PPC_PPC_ (enjoy/really) all my classes up to now, and
I ___PP_______PP____ (not/ mind) all the work. It’s funny… until now,
I ____PP_____PP____ (hate/always) science courses, but this semester
I_____PP_____________PP________ (begin) to change my mind.
Physics class ___PP_______PP____ (be) my best. We __PP / PPC___PP / PPC_ (study)
Newtonian physics for the past few weeks and I __PP____PP__ (learn) so
many interesting things. How _HAVE__HAVE_ (go) things _GONE_?_GONE_?
I _PP / PPC__PP / PPC_ (think) of you a lot. Please give my best to everyone.