This presentation is ideal for those who wants to study Old and New actors of the Terrorism

1. CHANGES ON THE TERRORISM SCENARIO:
OLD AND NEW ACTORS OF TERRORISM
Colonel Chandana Wickramasinghe
RWP RSP psc MA(IR)
chandanagr@gmail.com

2. SEQUENCE
• Introduction
• Definition of Terrorism and it’s ambiguity
• Old vs New Terrorism
• Possible factors for Terrorism
• Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION

5. North –South Gap
Term used to describe the
economic gap between the
rich northern countries of the
world and the south poorer
countries of the world.

7. Understanding the revolution
Source: Raymond Tantor, Theory of Revolution, Journal on Conflict Resolution

8. INTRODUCTION

9. • What is terrorism?
• Why is it there?
• Who are terrorists?
• What are the ways to deal
with it?
These are the major questions
that concern researchers
who studied this social
phenomenon

11. Definition of Terrorism and
it’s ambiguity

12. Terrorism is the threat or conduct of violent and premediated attacks on
political, economic or civilian targets with the intention of spreading fear
and achieving a (usually political) goal.
 “The calculated use of unlawful violence or threat of unlawful violence
to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or
societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally political, religious, or
ideological” -U.S. Department of Defence.
 “Terrorism is “the use of violence against random civilian targets in
order to intimidate or to create generalized pervasive fear for the
purpose of achieving political goals.”
-Yonah Alexander
WHAT IS TERRORISM?.....

13. The Three Paradigms of Security
National
Security
Internation
al Security
Human
Security
13
Regional
StateWorldwide

14. ACTORS
• State actors :
 Government
 Local.
 Provincial.
 Central
 Inter Governmental
Sectors
 UN ? SAARC? EU?
• Non stat e actors
 Individuals
 Civil society
 Religious Leaders
(Indoctrination )
 NGO’s/INGOS (RED
CROSS)
 Media
 Extreme groups
 Diaspora

16. Contemporary values for State Governance
Good Governance:
1. Rule of Law,
2. Transparency, and
3. Accountability
Eight Millennium Development
Goals
1. Eradicating extreme poverty
and hunger,
2. Achieving universal primary
education,
3. promoting gender equality
and empowering women,
4. reducing child mortality,
5. improving maternal health,
6. combating HIV/AIDS,
malaria, and
7. other diseases,
8. ensuring environmental
sustainability,

17. Old vs New Terrorism

18. NEW TERRORISM OLD TERRORISM

19. Old terrorism: Used to refer to more secular groups before 1990
and end of the Cold War.
New Terrorism: A new kind of terrorism believed to have begun
with the 1993 World Trade Centre bombing and dominated by religious
doctrines that emphasize transformational and apocalyptic beliefs
Goals
Old Terrorism: Limited, specific, tangible, local oriented goals. nationalist,
independent movements, separatists. Understandable, comprehensible,
realistic, rational and prone to compromise.
New Terrorism: Goals can be ambiguous, unlikely or unrealistic,
seeking maximum destruction, having transnational, regional and
systematic ambitions
Old vs New Terrorism

20. Factors Old Terrorism New Terrorism
Organizational Structure Hierarchical Networked
Operational Change
Within home region
(Territorial Orientation
Outside home region
(Transnational
Orientation
Motives
Political/ Nationalist
ideology
Religious Fanaticism
Tactics Restrained Violence Extreme Violence
Attitude towards
Westphalia System
System- confirm System- Threating
CONTRAST …
“OLD” AND “NEW "TERRORISM

21. • Lack of democracy, civil Liberties and the rule of law
• Weak states unable to control territory or monopoly of violence
• Rapid modernization, in the from of high economic growth
• Extremists ideologies of a secular or religious nature
• Experience of social justice
• Hegemony and inequality of power
• Illegitimate or corrupted governments
• Presence of charismatic ideological leaders
Possible factors of terrorism in new scenario!

22. ACTORS
• State actors :
 Government
 Local.
 Provincial.
 Central
 Inter Governmental
Sectors
 UN ? SAARC? EU?
• Non stat e actors
 Individuals
 Civil society
 Religious Leaders
(Indoctrination )
 NGO’s/INGOS (RED
CROSS)
 Media
 Extreme groups
 Diaspora

24. The black swan theory or theory of
black swan events is a metaphor that
describes an event that comes as a
surprise, has a major effect, and is
often inappropriately rationalized after
the fact with the benefit of perception.

25. PARADIGM SHIFTS IN SECURITY STRATEGY –REALITY CONCEPT
Homeland security missions:
1. Prevent terrorism and enhancing security;
2. Secure and manage our borders;
3. Enforce and administer our immigration laws;
4. Safeguard and secure cyberspace;
5. Ensure resilience to disasters;
Three key concepts form the foundation of our national
homeland security strategy designed to achieve this vision:
Security,
Resilience, and
Customs and Exchange.
US DHS Mission
The vision of homeland security is to ensure a homeland that is safe,
secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards.

26.  There is no accepted consensus on the definition of Terrorism
 It is an ancient behavioral tactic used by discontented groups and individuals
 The term is often used pejoratively and is a matter of perspective
 The term used to demonized , suggesting that the group or individual is
beyond reasoning
 The resolution provide a saving clause high preserve the rights of persons to
“struggle legitimacy” for self determination
 Knowledge of terrorism most certainly is deficient but the field shows no
clear ability to improve this situation. Based on the researches conducted,
many aspects of terrorism are still not clearly explained and hence further
researches are still required to have a better understanding and prevention of
terrorism.
CONCLUSION

27. THANK YOU

28. • Schmid, A. and Jongman, A. (1988): “Political Terrorism: A New Gide to Actors,
Authors, Concepts, Databases, Theories and Literayure”, Oxford: North Holland
• Weinberg, L, Pedahzur, A, Hirsch Hoelfer, S,(2004), “The Challanes of
Conceptualizing Terrorism and Political Violence”, 16: 4
• Hoffman, B., “Inside Terrorism”, New York; Colombia University Press, 2006
• Daase, C and Kessler, O., “Known and Unknowns in the War on Terror:
Uncertainty and Political Constitution of danger, Security Dialogue”, 38:4,2007
• Martha Crenshaw , “The Debate over “New” vs. “Old” Terrorism”,
http://www.start.umd.edu/sites/default/files/files/publications/New_vs_Old_Terro
rism.pdf
FURTHER READINGS

29. • Jerome P. Bjelopera , “The Domestic Terrorist Threat: Background and Issues
for Congress” , https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/terror/R42536.pdf
• Martha Crenshaw, “The Causes of Terrorism” ,
http://courses.kvasaheim.com/hist319a/docs/Crenshaw%201981.PDF
• David Tucker, “What’s New About the New Terrorism and How Dangerous
Is It?”
http://www.nps.edu/academics/centers/ctiw/files/The%20New%20Terrorism.
pdf
• Mahdi Mohammad Nia , “From Old to New Terrorism: The Changing Nature
of International Security”, https://gsj.stonybrook.edu/wp-
content/uploads/2010/06/0018Nia.pdf
Further Readings

30. THANK YOU