prokaryotes vs eukaryotes, animal vs plant, cell organelles and their function (with detailed diagrams), protein synthesis and export. Great for honors middle school 7th grade, or 9th grade biology, life science

1. CELL NOTES

2. CELL NOTESOrganisms - living creatures. Any life form
that can survive on its own.
Organ systems - made up of organs - work
together to make an organism function.
Example: digestive system
Organs - made up of tissues - work together
to make organ systems function.
Example: stomach made of muscle tissue
and skin tissue

3. Tissues - made up of cells - work together to
make organs function. Example: skin tissue
made up of different kinds of skin cells.
Cells are microscopic - too small to be seen without
a microscope.
Every living thing has at least one cell.
Humans are made of almost 100 trillion cells.
If a single cell can live on its own, it is called a
unicellular organism.

4. Humans are multicellular organisms.
Cell Theory:
1.Every living thing is made up of one or
more cells.
2. The cell is the smallest, most basic unit
of life in all living things.
3. All cells come from existing cells.

5. Prokaryotic Cells
• Cells that do not
have a nucleus
• Another name for
prokaryotic cells is
Bacteria
• ONLY unicellular –
never multicelluar

6. Eukaryotic Cells
• Cells that DO have a
nucleus
• Most eukaryotic cells
belong to multicellular
organisms
• There are some
unicellular eukaryotes
(amoeba, euglena,
paramecium)

7. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
No Nucleus Nucleus
No Membrane – covered
Organelles
Membrane – covered
Organelles
Circular DNA (in a circle) Linear DNA (in a line)
Bacteria
100 x smaller than
eukaryotes
All other cells
100 x bigger than
prokaryotes

10. • Keeps good stuff in (nutrients, water), and bad stuff out (waste,
toxins, viruses, bacteria).
• Made from lipids (phospholipid bilayer)

11. Cell Membrane
Honors students – it’s framed in yellow – so yes – I want you
to draw it (and label it). Traditional 7th
grade students – you
can draw and label it too – but it’s optional – you don’t have to.

12. Cell Wall
• Hard Wall made of
cellulose.
• Rigid & Stiff
• Provides strength &
support to cell
• Only in plant and bacteria
cells.

13. • Is the control center of the cell
• Stores information (DNA) on how to run the cell and
build new structures.
• Largest Organelle in the cell

14. • Machine that reads RNA strand and builds proteins
by assembling amino acids.
• Proteins are the building blocks for all structures
built in the cell.
• Ribosomes are also called“Protein Factories”
• Ribosomes are the smallest organelles in the

15. Ribosomes
• Honors – draw and label!

16. • Smooth E.R. breaks down toxins, and makes lipids
which are used for membranes. Doesn’t have
ribosomes.
• Rough E.R. has ribosomes, and packages proteins for
release from the cell.
• Rough E.R. is an “Assembly line” that constructs &
transports proteins
Is this rough or
smooth E.R.?

17. Rough E.R. (endoplasmic reticulum)

18. Model of how proteins are made and shipped out of the cell.
Rough
E.R. Exocytosis
(cell burps
out proteins)
Nuclear pore
Ribosome
Secretor
y vesicle
Cell membrane
Expelled protein
Nucleus
Golgi
Transpor
t Vesicle
with
proteins
insideProteins
Smooth
E.R.

19. • The Powerhouse of the cell
• Uses oxygen and food (glucose) to make ATP
• ATP = energy (Adenosine triphosphate)

20. ATP SYNTHASE

21. ATP SYNTHASE – hundreds of these machines in each mitochondrion CLICK FOR LINKATP SYNTHASE – hundreds of these machines in each mitochondrion CLICK FOR LINK

22. • Make food using the energy from the sun.
• Change H2O & CO2 to C6H12O6 (glucose)
• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.
ChloroplastsLook! A
chloroplast!
Inner &
Outer
Membranes
Thylakoids
Lamellae
Stroma

23. Chloroplasts
• Make food using the energy from the sun.
• Change H2O & CO2 to C6H12O6 (glucose)
• Contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

24. • Processes & transports materials out of the cell.
• Places a new coating of lipid membrane on the materials.
• “Packaging center” of the cell

25. • Stores water, minerals & other fluids.
• Only found in plant cells – never in animal cells.
Central
Vacuole

26. Central Vacuole

27. • Membrane covered storage containers
• Formed when part of the cell membrane surrounds an object
& pinches it off.
any kind of cargo:
food, waste,
protein
molecules...

28. • Digests food particles, wastes, cell parts &
foreign invaders.
digestive
enzymes

29. All cells only plant
cells haveCell Membranes
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Golgi Complex
Lysosomes
Vesicles
E.R. (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
Cytoskeleton
Cell Walls
Central Vacuole
Chloroplasts

30. Animal Cell

32. • Future test questions.... answer in complete
sentences.
• What are organelles?
• What are three differences between plant
cells and animal cells?
• What are four differences between eukaryotic
cells and prokaryotic cells?