methods of research mba presentation

1. CASE AND
CLINICAL
STUDIES

2. CASE AND CLINICAL STUDIES
• Case Method
• Case Study in Business and Psychology
• Interpreting the Case Study
• Recommendations
• Case Histories
• Clinical Method
• A Clinical Study
• Facts from the Interviews
• Test Administered
• Interpretation
• Recommendations

3. • Increasingly becoming well-known methods of
research in social and behavioural science.
• These methods are not used at all times.
• Knowledge of these approaches will help us in
the choice of the most suitable way to get
facts.
• The most effective technique in a particular
situation.
CASE AND CLINICAL STUDIES

4. • Interchangeably used by some writers as case
study and case work.
• Case study: comprehensive and extensive
examination of a particular individual, group or
situation over a period of time. (Mckee and
Robertson, 1975)
• It is a comprehensive of an of a social institution.,
district or community. (Young)
• Case study provides information where we can
draw conclusions about the impact of significant
events in a person’s life.
WHAT IS CASE METHOD?
CASE METHOD

5. WHAT IS A CASE STUDY?
• The case study method is a popular form of qualitative
analysis.
• It is a method of study in depth rather than breadth.
• It places more emphasis on the full analysis of a limited
number of events or conditions and their interrelation.
• It deals with the processes that take place and their
interrelationship.
• Thus, case study is essentially an intensive investigation
of the particulars unit under consideration.
• The objective of the case study method is to locate the
factors that account for the behavior -patterns of the
given unit as an integrated totality.
CASE METHOD

6. WHAT IS A CASE WORK?
• It refers to developmental adjustment,
remedial or corrective procedures that
appropriately follow the diagnosis of the
causes of maladjustment of unfavourable
development.
• It consists of the processes and procedures
necessary in rendering service, personal
assistance or personal advice to individuals by
representatives of social agencies with due
consideration of established policies and
individual needs.
CASE METHOD

7. WHAT IS CASE METHOD?
• It is also known as case report is a descriptive
or explanatory analysis of a person, group or
event.
• It is the analysis of persons, events, decisions,
periods, projects, policies, institutions, or
other systems that are studied holistically by
one or more methods.
• It is used to explore causation in order to find
underlying principles.
CASE METHOD

8. WHAT IS CASE METHOD?
• It is also defined as research
strategy, an empirical inquiry that
investigates a phenomenon within its
real-life context.
• The case study is a research
approach, situated between concrete
data taking techniques and
methodologic paradigms.
CASE METHOD

9. CATEGORIES OF CASE REPORT
• Case studies may be prospective (in which criteria
are established and cases fitting the criteria are
included as they become available) or retrospective
(in which criteria are established for selecting cases
from historical records for inclusion in the study
• The case that is the subject of the inquiry will be an
instance of a class of phenomena that provides an
analytical frame — an object — within which the
study is conducted and which the case illuminates
and explicates
CASE METHOD

10. CASE STUDY IN
BUSINESS AND
PSYCHOLOGY

11. CASE STUDY IN PSYCHOLOGY
• The case study research method originated in clinical
medicine (the case history, i.e. the patient’s personal
history)
• Case studies are widely used in psychology and
amongst the best known were the ones carried out by
Sigmund Freud
• He conducted very detailed investigations into the
private lives of his patients in an attempt to both
understand and help them overcome their illnesses
• Freud's most famous case studies include Little Hans
and The Rat Man.
CASE METHOD

12. CASE STUDY IN PSYCHOLOGY
• In psychology, case studies are often confined
to the study of a particular individual. The
information is mainly biographical and relates
to events in the individual's past), as well as to
significant events which are currently
occurring in his or her everyday life.
• The psychologist may use various types of
accessible data
CASE METHOD

13. CASE STUDY IN BUSINESS
• The purpose of the case study is to let
you apply the concepts you've learned
when you analyze the issues facing a
specific company.
• To analyze a case study, therefore, you
must examine closely the issues with
which the company is confronted.
CASE METHOD

14. CASE STUDY IN BUSINESS
1. The history, development, and growth of the company over
time
2. The identification of the company's internal strengths and
weaknesses
3. The nature of the external environment surrounding the
company
4. A SWOT analysis
5. The kind of corporate-level strategy pursued by the company
6. The nature of the company's business-level strategy
7. The company's structure and control systems and how they
match its strategy
8. Recommendations
CASE METHOD

15. INTERPRETING THE CASE STUDY
In analyzing the case data, you are trying to
answer the following:
• Why or how did these issues arise?
• Who is affected most by this issues?
• What are the constraints and opportunities
implicit to this situation?
• What do the numbers tell you?
CASE METHOD

16. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Recommendation should come from the key
decision criteria that is important to the
organization making the decision.
• They will be used to evaluate the suitability of
each alternative recommended.
• Business people are decision-makers; this is your
opportunity to practice making decisions.
• Give a justification for your decision and ensure
that it is one (and only one) of your alternatives
and that it does resolve what you defined as the
problem.
CASE METHOD

17. Key Decision Criteria
• Brief, preferably in point form, such as
– improve (or at least maintain) profitability,
– increase sales, market share, or return on investment,
– maintain customer satisfaction, corporate image,
– be consistent with the corporate mission or strategy,
– within our present (or future) resources and capabilities,
– employee morale, safety, or turnover,
– retain flexibility, and/or
– minimize environmental impact.
• Measurable, at least to the point of comparison.
• Be related to your problem statement, and
alternatives.
CASE METHOD

18. CASE HISTORIES

19. CASE HISTORIES
• A detailed account of the facts affecting the
development or condition of a person or group
under treatment or study, especially in medicine,
psychiatry, or psychology.
• All the relevant information or material gathered
about an individual, family, group, etc., and
arranged so as to serve as an organized record
and have analytic value for a social worker,
student, or the like: used especially in social
work, sociology, psychiatry, and medicine.

20. CLINICAL METHOD

21. CLINICAL METHOD
• Clinical study design is the formulation of trials
and experiments in medical and epidemiological
research.
• A clinical study involves research using human
volunteers (also called participants) that is
intended to add to medical knowledge.
• Many of the considerations here are shared
under the more general topic of design of
experiments but there can be others, in particular
related to patient confidentiality and ethics.

22. FACTS FROM INTERVIEWS
• Questions to Ask
• Anyone interested in participating in a clinical study
should know as much as possible about the study
and feel comfortable asking the research team
questions about the study, the related procedures,
and any expenses. The following questions might be
helpful during such a discussion.
• Answers to some of these questions are provided in
the informed consent document. Many of these
questions are specific to clinical trials, but some also
apply to observational studies.
CLINICAL METHOD

23. FACTS FROM INTERVIEWS
• What is being studied?
• Why do researchers believe the intervention being tested
might be effective? Why might it not be effective? Has it been
tested before?
• What are the possible interventions that I might receive during
the trial?
• How will it be determined which interventions I receive (for
example, by chance)?
• Who will know which intervention I receive during the trial?
Will I know? Will members of the research team know?
• How do the possible risks, side effects, and benefits of this trial
compare with those of my current treatment?
• What will I have to do?
CLINICAL METHOD

24. FACTS FROM INTERVIEWS
• What tests and procedures are involved?
• How often will I have to visit the hospital or clinic?
• Will hospitalization be required?
• How long will the study last?
• Who will pay for my participation?
• What type of long-term follow-up care is part of this
trial?
• If I benefit from the intervention, will I be allowed to
continue receiving it after the trial ends?
• Will results of the study be provided to me?
• Who will oversee my medical care while I am in the
trial?
• What are my options if I am injured during the study?
CLINICAL METHOD

25. TEST ADMINISTERED
• In a clinical trial (also called an interventional study),
participants receive specific interventions according to
the research plan or protocol created by the
investigators.
• In an observational study, investigators assess health
outcomes in groups of participants according to a
protocol or research plan.
• Every clinical study is led by a principal investigator,
who is often a medical doctor. Clinical studies also have
a research team that may include doctors, nurses,
social workers, and other health care professionals.
CLINICAL METHOD

26. TEST ADMINISTERED
• Clinical studies can be sponsored, or funded, by
pharmaceutical companies, academic medical
centers, voluntary groups, and other
organizations, private and government agencies.
• Clinical studies can take place in many locations,
including hospitals, universities, doctors' offices,
and community clinics. The location depends on
who is conducting the study.
• The length of a clinical study varies, depending on
what is being studied. Participants are told how
long the study will last before enrolling.
CLINICAL METHOD

27. INTERPRETATION
• A clinical study is conducted according to a research plan
known as the protocol. The protocol is designed to
answer specific research questions as well as safeguard
the health of participants. It contains the following
information:
• The reason for conducting the study
• Who may participate in the study (the eligibility criteria)
• The number of participants needed
• The schedule of tests, procedures, or drugs and their
dosages
• The length of the study
• What information will be gathered about the participants
CLINICAL METHOD

28. RECOMMENDATIONS
• Recommendation should come from the key
decision criteria that is important to the
organization making the decision.
• They will be used to evaluate the suitability of
each alternative recommended.
• As decision-makers; this is your opportunity to
practice making decisions.
• Give a justification for your decision and ensure
that it is one (and only one) of your alternatives
and that it does resolve what you defined as the
problem.
CLINICAL METHOD

29. SUMMARY
• The major objective of case study and case work
is the development of potentialities of the
individual for growth.
• The interpretation of the case study materials
based on the inconsistencies and consistencies in
behaviour is a prerequisite to understanding the
individual.
• Thus, an adequate case study should in fact
promote a better understanding of the individual.

30. THANK YOU
THE END