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Lecture 01 a
- 1. Dr. Chetan B. Bhatt
Professor and Head,
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College,
Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Research Methodology
- 2. Unit - II
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC,
Chandkheda
2
Review of Research Literature: Purpose and use
of literature review, locating relevant
information, use of library & electronic
databases, preparation & presentation of
literature review, research article
reviews, theoretical models and frame work.
Identification of gaps in research, formulation of
research problem, definition of research
objectives.
- 3. Presentation Outline
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
3
Research Process
Literature Search
Purpose and Use
Locating Relevant Information
Citation Index Services
Search Engine
Bibliography management
- 4. Research Process
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
4
Identify
Topic of
Interest
State
Unsolved
Problem
s
Find or
Develop
Solution
Generate
Related
Question
s
Literature Search
Documentation
Literature Search
(Review) is not one –
time process, it is
iterative
ThesisResearch
Papers/Progr
ess reportResearch
Proposal
Synopsi
s
- 5. Purpose of Literature Search
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC,
Chandkheda
5
A literature search serves three important
functions
Gives background information
Demonstrate your familiarities with research in your
field
Shows how your work contributes to body of
knowledge in your field
- 6. Review Report
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
6
The review report demonstrate
What others have accomplished in your filed and
how your work differs from works of others.
You demonstrate your understanding of the relevant
works of others and your ability to summarize this
information, for convenience of your reader
- 7. Finding Sources
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
7
Sources of literature are –
Library
Internet
Sources are generally described as –
Primary: primary sources are “materials of that you
are directly writing about, the raw material of your
own research”
Secondary: books and articles in which other
researchers report the results of their research
based on (their) primary data or sources
Tertiary: tertiary sources are “books and articles
based on secondary sources, on the research of
others”
- 8. Primary Sources
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC,
Chandkheda
8
Examples of primary sources are data sets,
computer runs, computer programs, scale
models, drawings, and engineering notebooks. A
well-kept engineering notebook can provide
valuable information for later documentation of
test conditions and assumptions, materials used,
observations as well as measurements, and
unusual occurrences that prompted further
testing.
- 9. Secondary Sources
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
9
Examples of secondary sources include
conferences, proceedings, journals, and books.
Journal articles are often the most current source
of information on a topic of study that is new or
subject to rapid change. Lists of references at the
end of each journal article can provide leads to
further sources.
Engineering journals are typically field-specific.
- 10. Tertiary sources
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
10
Examples of tertiary sources include
dictionaries, encyclopedias, guides, and
handbooks. “Dictionaries and encyclopedias are
excellent starting points for research. They can
provide general background information to help
narrow or broaden the focus of a topic, define
unfamiliar terms, and offer bibliographies of other
sources.
- 11. Problems for novice researcher
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda11
As a beginner
researcher, two of the
most common problems
one might encounter
are –
Not knowing where to
find sources
Once sources are
located, not knowing
how to sift or sort
through excess of
information to
determine what is
useful
Where are
resources?
Where I
am? What is
useful?
- 13. Problems for novice researcher
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda13
As a beginner
researcher, two of the
most common problems
one might encounter
are –
Not knowing where to
find sources
Once sources are
located, not knowing
how to sift or sort
through excess of
information to
determine what is
useful
Where are
resources?
Where I
am? What is
useful?
1. Not
knowing
where to find
sources
- 14. A Search Plan
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
14
Consider how the topic progress through the
research documentation life cycle.
There are two approaches –
1. Look for books that are currently accepted reference text
in your research area and find out who has cited them in
recent years.
2. Look for original (seminal) reports, papers or these written
by known experts and see who has cited them in recent
years.
For these two approaches; Citation Index
becomes a very important source.
- 15. Citation Index
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC,
Chandkheda
15
A citation index is a kind of bibliographic
database, an index of citations between
publications, allowing the user to easily establish
which later documents cite which earlier documents.
Major citation indexing services
There are two publishers of general – purpose
academic citation index (available to library for
subscription) are –
Thomson Scientific publishes ISI (Institute of Scientific
Information) citation index in print and CD
form, available on line with name “Web of Science”;
which in turn part of “Web of Knowledge”
Elsevier, which publishes “Scopus”, available online only.
IEEE Xplore (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org)
ACM (Association for Computing Machine) Digital
Library (http://dl.acm.org)
- 16. Universally Available Free Citation Tools
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
16
Universally available free citation tools are –
CiteBase (http://www.citebase.org); not yet
complete for academic evaluation. However papers‟
abstract are available.
CiteSeerX (http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu)
Google Scholar (http://scholar.google.com)
Microsoft Academic Search
(http://academic.research.microsoft.com)
- 17. Next step in literature search
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC,
Chandkheda
17
After locating and reading at least the abstract of
these papers
Categorize the available papers by topic and
authors‟ technical interest in a topic. (As most of the
work is interdisciplinary)
Then look at the reference list for new papers. (As
not all citation search provides similar result)
There are two possibility one may have
Have too few information
Have too many information
- 18. Have too few information
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC,
Chandkheda
18
If you have too few or no information, then topic
might be too narrow –
Look for new topic heading or terms any newly
found used for information cataloging. Search for
that term in database
If search still yields little information, get help from
library personnel or expert in field of your research.
- 19. Have too many information
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
19
Plan to scale down your search to a manageable
amount.
Specific aspects of a filed of study are often listed
in annotated bibliographies.
Journal specific to a field can be a good resource.
Get advice from expert.
- 20. Another sources of information: Search
Engines
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
20
OAIster database (freely accessible);
http://www.oclc.org/oaister/; Union catalog of
millions of record available as open resource by
Open Archive Initiative
Ebookee (http://ebookee.com) by tradepub (they
provide many digital magazine at no charge)
Complete Planet
O‟Reilly‟s CD Bookshelf (book accessible on-line)
WebBrain (mind mapping site, provides
perspective of individual/organization)
Google …and other general purpose search
engine
- 21. Another sources of information: Library
services
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
21
INFLIBNET (http://www.inflibnet.ac.in)
Networked Digital Library of Theses and
Dissertation (http://www.ndltd.org) paid service
(individual member charge is $25)
etd@iisc (http://etd.ncsi.iisc.ernet.in/);
eprints@iisc (http://eprints.iisc.ernet.in/)
The DBLP computer science bibliography
(http://dblp.uni-trier.de/db/index.html)
- 22. Lost in Cyber Space/Information Overload
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda22
As a beginner
researcher, two of the
most common problems
one might encounter
are –
Not knowing where to
find sources
Once sources are
located, not knowing
how to sift or sort
through excess of
information to
determine what is
useful
Information Overload /
lost in cyber space
Where I am? What
is useful? So much
of information
- 24. Best Practices
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
24
Keep bibliographic trail
Keep track of source
Use tool to search resources on your desk - top
Use bibliography management tool
Use standard template (Microsoft
Office/LaTeX/OpenOffice) for writing
papers, reports, and thesis
- 25. Keep Track of Resources
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
25
Location of resources
Date of access
Title
Authors
Page numbers
Year of publication
Library Call Number (LCN), International
Standard Book Number (ISBN), International
Standard Serial Number (ISSN)
- 26. Search resources on desk-top
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC,
Chandkheda
26
There are many tools available for desk-top
search. Use one of desk-top search tool of your
choice.
Copernic Desk Top Search
(http://www.copernic.com/en/products/desktop-
search/index.html) (free home version)
Google Desk Top Search
Windows Desk Top Search
and ….many more
Disk catalog tool
- 27. Bibliography Management Tools: Features
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC,
Chandkheda
27
There are six basic requirements expected from a bibliographic
manager. Listed down below is a functional decomposing of
these requirements.
Search: Search all the available academic/non-academic
databases.
Store: Store the reference and possibly a soft copy of the
reference.
Viewer: View soft copy (doc, pdf, etc.).
Annotate: Keep notes on the reference.
Overall: Just a single note on the reference
Anywhere: A note anywhere in the document
Communicate: Import from and export to different formats.
Import (BibTex, End Note, XML, etc.)
Export (BibTex, End Note, XML, etc.)
Platform: Run on different platforms (Linux, Windows, etc.)
Presentation: Present the data to some standard formats.
Formats (MLA, APA, etc.)
Document (doc, pdf, html, etc.)
- 28. Bibliography Management Tools: Off - line
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
28
Some bibliography tools are –
JABREF
Microsoft Office Citation and Bibliography Tools
Zotero (Bibliography plug-in for Firefox) and have
plug-in to insert citation in MS-Office and
OpenOffice.
EndNote by Thomson Reuters (paid)
On-line tools
WebCite (archive web pages)
OttoBib.com (alphabetic citation creation for Books
from a list of ISBN)
KnightCite (free online tool hsted
- 29. Bibliography Management Tools: On - line
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
29
On-line tools
WebCite (archive web pages)
OttoBib.com (alphabetic citation creation for Books
from a list of ISBN); http://www.ottobib.com/
KnightCite (free online tool hosted by Calvin
College; http://www.calvin.edu/library/knightcite/)
- 30. Writing Style
© Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC,
Chandkheda
30
There are various research writing style such as –
APA Style (American Psychological Association)
Chicago Manual of Style/ Turabian Style
Colombia Guide to Online Style (CGOS)
MLA (Modern Language Association) Style
Harvard Style
CBE Style (Council of Biology Editors)
LSA (Linguistic Society of America)
Templates are available for all these style and
Bibliography management tools generate citation
in various style.
- 31. References
© Dr. C. B.
Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda
31
Lois E. Reed, „Performing a literature review‟
(publication journal is unknown)
Other resources references are in slide as web
link.
- 32. © Dr. C. B. Bhatt, VGEC, Chandkheda32
Notas del editor
- Tertiary (Tur – Shee – er – ee) (Tur – Shi – ree) : of the third order