1. The Human

2. Part I:
Lobes, the Cerebral Cortex, and Cortical Regions
of the Brain

3. Cerebrum -The largest division of the brain. It is
divided into two hemispheres, each of which is
divided into four lobes.
Cerebrum
Cerebrum
Cerebellum

4. Cerebral Cortex - The outermost layer of gray
matter making up the superficial aspect of the
cerebrum.
Cerebral Cortex
Cerebral Cortex

5. Cerebral Features:
• Gyri – Elevated ridges “winding” around the brain.
• Sulci – Small grooves dividing the gyri
– Central Sulcus – Divides the Frontal Lobe from the Parietal
Lobe
• Fissures – Deep grooves, generally dividing large
regions/lobes of the brain
– Longitudinal Fissure – Divides the two Cerebral Hemispheres
– Transverse Fissure – Separates the Cerebrum from the
Cerebellum
– Sylvian/Lateral Fissure – Divides the Temporal Lobe from the
Frontal and Parietal Lobes

6. Gyri (ridge)
Sulci
(groove)
Fissure
(deep groove)

7. Specific Sulci/Fissures:
Central Sulcus
Longitudinal Fissure
Sylvian/Lateral
Fissure
Transverse Fissure

8. Lobes of the Brain (4)
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Occipital
• Temporal

9. Lobes of the Brain - Frontal
• The Frontal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Frontal Bone
of the skull.
• It plays an integral role in the following functions/actions:
- Memory Formation
- Emotions
- Decision
Making/Reasoning
- Personality
Investigation (Phineas Gage)

10. Lobes of the Brain - Parietal Lobe
• The Parietal Lobe of the brain is located deep to the Parietal
Bone of the skull.
• It plays a major role in the following functions/actions:
- Senses and integrates sensation(s)
- Spatial awareness and perception
(Proprioception - Awareness of
body/ body parts in space and
in relation to each other)

11. Lobes of the Brain – Occipital Lobe
• The Occipital Lobe of the Brain is
located deep to the Occipital Bone
of the Skull.
• Its primary function is the
processing, integration, interpretation,
etc. of VISION and visual stimuli.

12. Lobes of the Brain – Temporal Lobe
• The Temporal Lobes are located on the sides of the brain, deep
to the Temporal Bones of the skull.
• They play an integral role in the
following functions:
- Hearing
-Organization/Comprehension of
language
- Information Retrieval

13. Lobes and Structures of the
B. Brain G.
A.
F.
C.
E.
D.

14. Lobes and Structures of the Brain
A. Central Sulcus
B. Frontal Lobe
C. Sylvian/Lateral Fissure
A. (groove) G.
D. Temporal Lobe B.
E. Transverse Fissure F.
F. Occipital Lobe
G. Parietal Lobe C. (groove)
D. E.
(groove)

15. A. K.
J.
Cortical Regions
B. I.
H.
G.
C.
D.
E. F.

16. Brain structure
Cerebrum
cerebellum
hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
medulla brain functions

17. Spinal Cord
• Runs through the vertebral
canal(neural canal)
• Extends from foramen magnum
to second lumbar vertebra
• Regions
– Cervical
– Thoracic
– Lumbar
– Sacral
– Coccygeal
• Gives rise to 31 pairs of spinal
nerves
– All are mixed nerves

21. Cranial Nerves Spinal nerves
• 12 pairs • 31 pairs
• Emerge from brain • Emerge from spinal
• Supplied to different cord
parts of head • Connected to
• Sensory, motor, or different body parts
mixed • All are mixed nerves

23. • The organs (the "viscera") of our body,
such as the heart, stomach and intestines,
are regulated by a part of the nervous
system called the autonomic nervous
system (ANS).
• The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous
system and it controls many organs and
muscles within the body.

24. The ANS is most important in two situations:
• In emergencies that cause stress and require us
to "fight" or take "flight" (run away)
• In non emergencies that allow us to "rest"
and "digest."

26. • Eye, ear, nose, skin and tongue
• Enable the body to detect the various changes
in the surroundings
• Important link between external and internal
environment
• Makes body irritable and sensitive

27. • Largest organ
• Epidermis and dermis
• Dermis has receptors
1) Pacinian corpuscle-pressure
2) Merkel’s disk and Meissner
corpuscle - touch
3)End organ of Krause - cold
4) Ruffini’s organ- warmth

28. • Two parts- external nose
and nasal cavity
• Nasal cavity has mucous
membrane on top side
• Molecules dissolve in the
mucous and stimulate
olfactory receptor cells
• Olfactory nerve carries
impulses to the brain

29. • Organ of taste
• Has gustatory receptors or
taste buds
• chemicals in the food
dissolve in saliva and
stimulate these receptors.
• Four regions,
a) Back – bitter
b) Tip – sweet
c) Sides – salt and sour