B.Ed. Teaching Learning Psychology

2. Various stages of development
Infancy बालपण From birth to 2 Years
Early childhood 2-5 Years
Later childhood 6-12 Years
Adolescence 13-19 Years
Adulthood 20-70 Years

3. Infancy And Early childhood 0-5 Years
Physical Development
Height And Weight-A newborn child has a body-length 16-
18 inches and he weight 6-8 pounds.
Growth is rapid after birth.
Respiration and circulation : During infancy, the lunge
develop rapidly and breathing capacity is increased.
Muscular Development : Very slow development during
infancy shows a slight acceleration at the age of three.
Motor Development : This is determined by maturation of
necessary muscles.

4. Mental Development
Perception समज
Imagination कल्पनाशक्ती
Concept formation संकल्पना ननर्मिती
Language Development भाषा विकास

5. Mental Development
Perception : a newborn child has no mental life. By
the age of three to four months the child recognises
his mother and smiles at her. Now, he respond to
sound by turning to its direction. He can feel the
mother’s touch and respond to it.
निजात बालकाच्या बाबतीत मानर्सक जीिन नसतेच.नतसऱ्या चौथ्या
महिन्यात जाणीि ननमािण िोते.आई िसली कक बालक
िसते.आिाजाच्या हिशेने तोंड किरिते.स्पशि के ला तर त्याची जाणीि
िोते.

6. Self-concept is, however hardly development.
Jean Piaget :- form-board
By the age of five, a child is able to differentiate
between letter and number forms.
स्ि-जाणीि अत्यल्प विकर्सत
जजन वपयाजे – कू टप्रश्न
अमूति विचार पात्रता या ियात हिसत नािी.

7. Concept Of Time & Quantity
काल संकल्पना आणण संख्या संकल्पना
At this stage, children, however, have very naïve
concepts of quantity and time. They can understand such
terms as more than, less than, bigger and smaller. But
anything more than one is pointed immediate
perception. He does not understand that the total
quantity does not change just because the part are re-
arranged.
या स्टेजला, मुले, मात्र, संख्या आणण िेळ िार साधा संकल्पना
आिे. ते जास्त पेक्षा कमी, मोठे आणण लिान अशा अटी समजू
शकतो. पण एक पेक्षा अधधक कािीिी तत्काळ समज ममिभेिक
आिे. तो एकू ण प्रमाण भाग पुन्िा आयोजजत के ले जातात िक्त
कारण बिलत नािी समजत.

8. The concept of time still means little to the child. Events that
occurred last week are regarded as being in the historical
past. The future has no meaning. Thus, four-year-old Rohit
who is impatient about the ice-cream treat tomorrow asks
when tomorrow will come, and then at regular short
intervals enquires if tomorrow will come.
िेळ संकल्पना अजूनिी मुलाला थोडे याचा अथि. गेल्या
आठिड्यात झालेले कायिक्रम ऐनतिार्सक गेल्या असल्याने
समजली जातात. भविष्य कािी अथि नािी. चार िषीय रोहित
आइस्क्रीम पिाथि, ननयर्मत लिान अंतराने चौकशी अशा
प्रकारे, उद्या येईल की नािी उतािीळ चार िषीय रोहित
विचारतो.

9. Emotional Development भािननक विकास
Until the age of one year, all emotions connected with biological
needs. An infant is happy as long as he warm and well-fed.
Laughter has been found to occur as early as twelve week, The mode
of expression changes with physical and mental maturity. In contrast
to the infant, the four-year-old child expresses his happiness by
clapping his hands and jumping up and down.
पहिल्या िषाितील भािनाविष्कार िा प्रामुख्याने शारीररक गरजांशी
ननगळीत असतो.िोन ते पाच िषाितील मुल आपल्या भिनाचा
आविष्कार तीव्रतेने करते. िस्तूची तोडमोड करणे,िस्तू िे कणे,
चािणे,मारणे,अश्या प्रकारे िा अविष्कार हिसतो.आनंि झाला कक
टाळ्या वपटणे,नाचणे, उड्या मारणे इत्यािी प्रकारे आविष्कार के ला
जातो.

10. Social Development सामाजजक विकास
At birth a child is completely self-centred.(selfish ?)
संपूणि स्ियं कें हित (स्िाथी ?)
At the age of nine to ten months he will have learnt to bid
farewell by waving his hand.
आठ ते नऊ महिन्यात िातांची सुव्यिजस्थत िालचाल
At age two he laughs a great deal and he is more friendly.
But he prefers to play alone.
िोन िषाित र्मत्र करायला आिडते पण तरीिी एकटा रािायला
आिडते

11. Even at age three he dose not take cognizance of
other children.
िुसऱ्याचे अजस्तत्ि अमान्य
Four and five year olds play together more
frequently, but behavior may alternate between
aggressiveness and co-operation.
चार आणण पाच िषि ियोगटातील मुले अधधक एकत्र
खेळणे, पण ितिन आक्रमकता आणण सिकायि
Thus, early nursery training has been found to be
very helpful in the socialization of the child.
त्यामुळे, बालक मंहिर प्रर्शक्षण मुलाला सामाजजकीकरणाची
िार उपयुक्त असल्याचे हिसून आले आिे.

12. Educational Importance शैक्षणणक मित्त्ि.
@First experiences of school life
@He memorizes short nursery rhymes.
@He is also taught to work and play with other
children of his age.
@Hence, the song-dance and play atmosphere of
the nursery school.
@He has to adjust with other children by sharing
toys or by participation in various games. The
child has to learn that he cannot have his own
way in everything.

13. @बालक मंहिरातून अनौपचाररक र्शक्षण
@शारीररक ि मानर्सक विकासािर भर
@चंचल :- छोट्या तार्सका
@कृ तीतून र्शक्षण कागि कापणे, धचत्र रंगिणे, गाणी म्िणणे,
खेळ खेळणे यािर भर
@मुलांना परीकथा सांगाव्यात
@स्िच्छतेिर भर,सिकायि र्शकिािे
@बडबड गीते, सांनिक गीते म्िणण्यािर भर.

14. 2) Growth and Development Later Childhood
6 To 12 Year
Physical Development. शारीररक विकास
Height : - Increase in height is only an inch per year
Weight : - Increases two to three pounds per year
Motor development. कारक विकास
Sitting, standing. walking and simple finger manipulation.
उभे, बसने . चालणे आणण बोटांची सोपे इजच्छत िालचाल
Trying to climb a stairway by taking two steps at one time.
एका िेळी िोन पािले िेऊन एक जजना चढणे प्रयत्न करत
आिे

15. They also try climbing and jumping down from high
places.
चढणे आणण उंच स्थानािरून खाली उडी मारण्याचा प्रयत्न
At this stage improved coordination of hand and
finger muscles helps the child to produce good
handwriting.
िात आणण बोट स्नायू या टप्पप्पयािर सुधाररत समन्िय,
चांगले िस्ताक्षर ननर्मिती मुलाला मित करते.

16. Mental Development मानर्सक विकास
By the age of six, a child is ready for school.
शालेय जीिनाची सुरिात
Span of attention: Very Short span of attention. Therefore,
reading material must be carefully chosen. The word must
not have more than two or three letters.
अिधान कक्षा लिान : शब्ि लिान
Interests : छंि
Children are very curious मुले िार उत्सुक
They wish to know what a thing is for, what it is made of
and how it works.

17. Thus , these children are avid readers of science,
nature, travel and adventure. They also enjoy
finding out things for themselves and take great
delight in using dictionaries and encyclopedias
especially written for them
त्या मुलांना विज्ञान, ननसगि, प्रिास आणण सािसी . त्यांनी
त्यांच्या स्ित: गोष्टी बािेर शोधत आनंि आणण विशेषत:
त्यांना शब्िकोश आणण विश्िकोश िापर आिड.

18. Memory and Imagination : स्मृती आणण कल्पनाशक्ती
@Learns poems and songs with amazing ease कविता
आणण गाणी आश्चयिकारक पाठांतर
@Imagination being prolific कल्पनाशक्ती विकर्सत
@Child turns a realist िास्तितािािी िळते
@He demands realism in stories िास्तििािी कथा मागणी
@Capable of forming concepts:-but they are of concrete
objects िक्त मूति संकल्पना

19. Emotional and Social Development
भािननक आणण सामाजजक विकास
@He becomes just one in a group. Child adjusts himself to the
school routine.
गटाचा एक भाग.शालेय जीिनात एकरूप.
@Group activities: He is willing to cooperate with the group and
follow the directions of the leader.
गटाला सियोग , गटनायकाचे अनुकरण
@In their games we find that the boy or girl who dominates, tries to
modify the rules to suit his or her convenience.
त्यांच्या गेम्स मध्ये मुलगा ककं िा मुलगी िेगिेगळ्या, त्याच्या ककं िा
नतच्या सोयीसाठी ननयम सुधाररत करण्याचा प्रयत्न असे.

20. @group formed are short-lived. समूि कालािधी कमी.
@The sexes are not segregated yet. र्लंगभेि जानीिाचा
अभाि
@Quarrels are common. Boys settle their disputes by
exerting force, while girls tend to argue more.
भांडणे सामान्य आिेत. मुली अधधक भांडण्याकडे कल

21. As these children grow older, the situation changes
@Group affinity increases : गटाची ओढ िाढते
@Small group are formed. The sexes are now segregated.
लिान गट तयार िोतात . र्लंगभेि जाणीि
@Form exclusive clubs, each having its own name,
password and badge. Membership is not open to all and
of all to girls. , विशेष क्लब तयार , प्रत्येकजण त्याच्या स्ितःच्या
नाि, पासिडि आणण धचन्ि. सिाांनाच सभासित्ि नािी.
@Group use code language. Thus, ‘She p-i-p-s-p a-p-foo-p-l-p’
Means She is a fool
This is usually done when outsiders are yet present.

22. Educational Implication
@ Handwriting cannot be expected to be very good.
Between the age of nine and twelve, reading can be
encouraged. The teacher can also help the child to
improve his handwriting
@Span of attention lengthens and longer words can be
gradually introduced.
@Abstract reasoning is not developed, teacher should give
them enough opportunities to solve problems of a
concrete nature.
@Children in this age group, still consider the teacher as
infallible: Teacher should avoid inconsistency in thir
behaviour.

23. Growth & Development
Adolescence
13-19 Years

24. Physical Development
Period of rapid physical growth and dramatic bodily
changes. jld Aai`AaXcyRkarkbdl
The glands become active and there is increased
production of hormones.
Girls being early maturers,between the age of twelve
and fourteen, girls grow rapidly and there is marked
increase in height and weight. But the growth of boys is
still slow. mulI mula.pe9a lvkr vyat yetat
Hence, a thirteen or fourteen year-old girls may look
taller and slightly bigger than a boy of the same age.

25. @
Among boys, age fourteen to sixteen., grow rapidly
and soon they out-run girls in height & weight. Now
onward girls tend to be shorter & lighter than boys.
Appearance
His forehead has become higher and broader
Face is more angular
His limbs look extremely long
Hand & feet seem so large.
His voice also sound hoarse.

26. Age twelve onwards, they start showing signs of feminity.
The face takes on a softer look, the lips become fuller, and the
breast start filling out. Fat bearing tissues increase and girls
experience a rounding of the figure. Hence, pelvis become
broader, the thighs and calves start filling out. The voice also
become a little deeper.
Young adolescents are conscious of their physical appearance.
Health
Generally good - ]Ttm p/¡tI
Boys take interest in sports and exercises(Strong/helthy/muscular)
Girls are also conscious of their figures and they become very
interested in dieting and exercises
Both boys and girls are troubled by skin eruption like acne and
pimples.

27. Sexual Development
As we have already seen, adolescence is the period
of many bodily changes. The young person is now
getting ready for his reproductive process.
As Jersild says, ‘Before the bodily changes occurred
the adolescent was a child, but after they have
occurred, the young person can have a child.’
The period at which sexual maturity begins is known
as puberty.

28. Signs of puberty yOvn ta=~y
@The first menstruation at the age of 12 or 14 (10-16)
@Girls should prepared for the event ?
@Serious mental disturbance
@Boys reach puberty at about the age of 14
@Great self-consciousness and sexual awareness.
@Masturbation is more common among boys than girls.

29. Mental Development
Brain development 90 %
Concept Formation
@Mentally more mature
@He has a greater ability to form concept.
@He is able to generalize better. samaNyIkr`
@He has also to thing in terms of abstract. AmUtR
@Increasing ability to manipulate symbols. s.ket A4R
@Solve simple arithmetical and algebraic problems. gi`t v
wUimtI smSya soDiv~yacI 9mta
@Abstract term like Love, Honesty, Duty.
@The concept of time gradually gain in clarity.

30. Reasoning
@The stage of enabling the child not only to present his
thought logically but also to exchange ideas. tkRv ivcar
@Discussions are, therefore, more fruitful. cceRtUn in*pTtI
@Does not accept any statements uncritically. He insists
on arguing and testing their validity. Therefore, arguments
with parents and teachers become common. icikTsk
@He is able to check the validity of his own reasoning.
Another important achievement is that the adolescent is
able to keep an abstract idea in mind as a hypothesis and
trace its consequences if it is contrary to known facts.
------A word without Newspapers
------if------- Agr barIx naho ?

31. @They are now able to advance reasons for a
particular opinion that they hold. Of course,
their reasons are not always valid. But the
attempt points to the growing maturity and
independence.

32. Interests
@New hobbies develop during this period
@Reading for pleasure become an important pastime.
@Comics and detective novels are very popular with boys
& girls.
@Parents & Teacher alert : obscene literature has special
attraction for this age-group. But great tact is required in
tackling the situation.
@Music & Movies (War & Action – Family Drama & Musicals)
@Reading Newspaper and Magazines
@Ambition becomes more realistic and connected to the
potentialities & capacities of the individual.
------Girls-movie stars

33. Interests
@Girls prefer stories of home or school-life or
love
@Boys show an interest in stories of adventure,
school-escapades and semi-scientific stories.
@Comics and detective novels are very popular
with boys and girls.
@Boys prefer war other action-packed films. Girls
on the other hand, show a liking for family drama
and musicals.
@reading newspapers & magazines.

34. Imagination
@Day-dreams(escaping from harsh reality?)
day-dreaming becomes dangerous-repeatedly
emotional Development
@A Stormy period एक कडाक्याचा कालािधी
@Fear & Anxiety र्भती आणण काळजी
@Expression of Emotions भािना अर्भव्यक्ती
Social development सामाजजक विकास
@Peer Groups समियस्क गट
@Hero-worship आिशािची उपासना
@Need for status प्रनतष्ठा
@A period of Storm & Stress िािळ आणण ताण
कालािधीसाठी
@The Generation Gap

35. Educational Importance
@worry about physiological changes-explain the nature
शारीररक बिल - ननसगि स्पष्ट
@The School library –rich शालेय ग्रंथालयातील समृद्ध
@Girls school / coeducation school ? मुलींची शाळा / विद्याथी-
विद्याधथिनीचे एकत्र र्शक्षण शाळा
@welcome discussion स्िागत चचाि
@demand independence मागणी स्िातंत्र्य
@provide possible opportunities for self-study and self-expression
.
स्ित: ची अभ्यास आणण स्ित: ची अर्भव्यक्ती शक्य संधी प्रिान
@Give responsibly जबाबिारीने द्या
@Teacher must be patient and tactful in all their dealings
र्शक्षक त्यांच्या सिि व्यििारांमध्ये संयम आणण व्यििारचतुर
असणे आिश्यक आिे