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Consulting toolkit structuring the problem
1.
CONSULTING TOOLKIT
Setting up the Problem Solving Structuring the Problem © 2007-2012 IESIES Development Ltd. All Ltd. Reserved © 2007-2012 Development Rights All Rights Reserved
2.
Most important questions
are too broad to analyse “How can we achieve world peace?” © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
3.
An issue tree
is a useful tool to break down problems into chunks small enough to manage Issue Tree Starts with a problem and decomposes it Use at the start of problem solving to structure a fuzzy problem © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
4.
An issue tree
has three purposes 1) Break a problem down to small enough chunks to enable analysis to answer the smaller questions 2) Open up the solution space to help you see new angles to the problem 3) Get everyone up to speed quickly on the problem © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
5.
To create an
issue tree, you break down a question into smaller questions that are independent and complete How you can achieve Sub Issue 1a this? Continue breaking down issues Issue 1 Sub Issue 1b until you have one small enough to analyse Sub Issue 1c Break it down into components Sub Issue 2.a.i Sub Issue 2a Sub Issue 2.a.ii Sub Issue 2.a.iii Open Question Issue 2 Sub Issue 2b Big Open Sub Issue 2c Question: What or How …..? Sub Issue 3a Issue 3 Sub Issue 3b Sub Issue 3c Branches must be INDEPENDENT and COMPLETE MECE (Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive) Reserved © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights
6.
You are finished
when you have questions small enough that you can imagine analyses that would answer them Issue Tree for “How do I get a good final grade ethically?” Team Team Improve exam technique selection grades Grades for a Research prior exams How do I get a good specific team final grade on the Pay attention in class courses I select? Exams/tests Do reading Class participation Individual Create study group grades Peers Revise at last minute How do I get a Projects good final grade ethically? Assignments Pick courses that are Don’t take exemptions easy for you Pick easy electives How do I get a good final grade through course selection? Pick courses with professors who grade high © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
7.
There are eight
steps to generate an issue tree 1) Write down the question/problem you are solving 2) Quickly brainstorm possible solutions 3) Organise and group the solutions logically, moving between general and specific thinking. Phrase each level as QUESTIONS. 4) Expand branches of your tree, by seeing additional solutions to generic questions 5) Prune branches of your tree where you can rule out solutions 6) Move important issues up the tree, shift minor issues down the tree 7) Try out different “cuts” to test which provides more insight 8) Revisit the question © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
8.
Productive brainstorming needs
some team rules No discussion – especially no judgement/criticism Quantity more important than quality Encourage “silly’ ideas Brainstorm with a diverse group Record everything Everyone joins in Make it fun! PRACTICAL TIP: Use Post-Its, 1 idea per Post-It, call out and stick-up © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
9.
Encourage “silly” ideas
in brainstorming – it is easier for ideas to roll “downhill” than “uphill” “Silly” ideas It is easy to make a silly idea High more practical value, creative ideas It is very hard to make an obvious Obvious idea creative ideas © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
10.
There are eight
steps to generate an issue tree 1) Write down the question/problem you are solving 2) Quickly brainstorm possible solutions 3) Organise and group the solutions logically, moving between general and specific thinking. Phrase each level as QUESTIONS. 4) Expand branches of your tree, by seeing additional solutions to generic questions 5) Prune branches of your tree where you can rule out solutions 6) Move important issues up the tree, shift minor issues down the tree 7) Try out different “cuts” to test which provides more insight 8) Revisit the question © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
11.
You only learn
how to use issue trees by doing……… STAGE 1: Write down the question Big Open Question: What or How …..? How do I get a good final grade? Issue Tree for “How do I get a good final grade?” © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
12.
The second stage
is to brainstorm all possible answers in order to open up the solution space STAGE 2: Brainstorm answers •Work with good teams •Participate in class fully •Suck up to the professor •Bribe the professor How do I get •Hack the IT system a good final •Cheat in exams grade? •Pick courses with professors who grade high •Pick courses that are easy for you •Study hard •Create a study group/partner Issue Tree© for “How do Ltd.get aReserved final grade?” 2007-2012 IES Development I All Rights good
13.
The third stage
is to organise and group these possible solutions, generalising common types and building a draft tree STAGE 3: Organise and Group How do I get a good •Pick courses with professors who final grades through grade high course selection? •Pick courses that are easy for How do I get a you good final grade ethically? How do I get a good •Work with good teams final grade ethically on •Participate in class fully the courses I select? •Study hard •Create a study group How do I get a good final ETHICAL/UNETHICAL COURSE SELECTION/ grade? CUT PERFORMANCE CUT Be unethical in •“Free-load” on good teams assessments •Cheat in exams How do I get a good Influence the •Suck up to the professor final grade professor’s grade •Bribe the professor unethically? Change the grade afterwards •Hack the IT system Branches must be INDEPENDENT and COMPLETE (Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive) Issue Tree© for “How do Ltd.get aReserved final grade?” 2007-2012 IES Development I All Rights good
14.
The fourth stage
is to expand branches, identifying additional solutions to make the tree complete STAGE 4: Expand branches How do I get a good •Pick courses with professors who final grade through grade high course selection? •Pick courses that are easy for How do I get a you good final grade ethically? Team Project grades How do I get a good Team Assignment grades final grade ethically on Individual Assignment grades How do I get the courses I select? Class participation grades a good final Branches must be INDEPENDENT and COMPLETE Exam/Test grades grade? (Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive) •Get someone else to use your nametag •Plagiarise projects Be unethical in •“Free-load” on good teams assessments •Cheat in exams How do I get a good Influence the •Suck up to the professor final grade professor’s grade •Bribe the professor unethically? •Threaten professor Change the grade afterwards •Hack the IT system •Appeal Issue Tree© for “How do Ltd.get aReserved final grade?” 2007-2012 IES Development I All Rights good
15.
The fifth stage
is to prune branches that you want to eliminate from the solution space STAGE 5: Prune branches How do I get a good •Pick courses with professors who final grade through grade high course selection? •Pick courses that are easy for How do I get a you good final grade ethically? Team Project grades How do I get a good Team Assignment grades final grade ethically on Individual Assignment grades the courses I select? Class participation grades How do I get Exam/Test grades a good final How does the question change •Get someone else to use your grade? when you prune branches? nametag •Plagiarise projects Be unethical in •“Free-load” on good teams assessments •Cheat in exams How do I get a good Influence the •Suck up to the professor final grade professor’s grade •Bribe the professor unethically? •Threaten professor Change the grade afterwards •Hack the IT system •Appeal Issue Tree© for “How do Ltd.get aReserved final grade?” 2007-2012 IES Development I All Rights good
16.
The sixth stage
is to shift cuts up and down the tree STAGE 6: Move up and down the tree Team Team selection Improve exam technique grades Grades for a specific Research prior exams How do I get good team grades ethically on Pay attention in class the courses I select? Exam/test Do reading Class Individual participation Create study group grades How do I get Revise at last minute Project a good final grade Assignment ethically? Pick courses that are Don’t take exemptions easy for you Pick easy electives How do I get a good final grade through course selection? Pick courses with professors who grade high Issue Tree for “How IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved grade ethically?” © 2007-2012 do I get a good final
17.
The seventh stage
is to try different cuts on the issues to see which one is most useful STAGE 7: Try different cuts Team Team Improve exam technique selection grades Grades for a specific Research prior exams How do I get a good team final grade on the Pay attention in class courses I select? Exams/tests Do reading Class Individual participation Create study group grades How do I get Revise at last minute Projects a good final What other cuts could you use? grade Assignments ethically? …..by not taking exemptions How can I get a gfge by I could? picking courses that are …by picking electives that How do I get a good easy for me? are easy for me? final grade through course selection? How can I get a gfge by picking courses with professors who grade high? Issue Tree for “How IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved grade ethically?” © 2007-2012 do I get a good final
18.
The final stage
is to revisit the question. Is it the right one? STAGE 8: Revisit the question Team Team Improve exam technique selection grades Grades for a specific Research prior exams How do I get a good team final grade on the Pay attention in class courses I select? Exams/tests Do reading Class Individual participation Create study group grades Revise at last minute How do I get a good What could be a Projects final grade better question? ethically? Assignments Pick courses that are Don’t take exemptions easy for you Pick easy electives How do I get a good final grade through course selection? Pick courses with professors who grade high Issue Tree for “How IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved grade ethically?” © 2007-2012 do I get a good final
19.
To create an
issue tree, you break down a question into smaller questions that are independent and complete How you can achieve Sub Issue 1a this? Continue breaking down issues Issue 1 Sub Issue 1b until you have one small enough to analyse Sub Issue 1c Break it down into components Sub Issue 2.a.i Sub Issue 2a Sub Issue 2.a.ii Sub Issue 2.a.iii Open Question Issue 2 Sub Issue 2b Big Open Sub Issue 2c Question: What or How …..? Sub Issue 3a Issue 3 Sub Issue 3b Sub Issue 3c Branches must be INDEPENDENT and COMPLETE MECE (Mutually Exclusive, Collectively Exhaustive) Reserved © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights
20.
There are many
different dimensions you can use to cut a problem up in your issue tree Time based: Before/During/After Existing/New: Existing customer/Potential customer Existing products/new products Existing business/new business Organisational: Business 1, 2,3,4…. Segment 1,2,3,4… Channels 1,2,3,4… Product 1,2,3,4… Country 1,2,3,4… Frameworks: Marketing: 4Ps Organisational – 7S Portfolio: Attractiveness/Our advantage Financial:Revenue/Cost/Capital Distinctions: Supply/demand Quality/quantity Ethical/unethical Process: Value chain (producer; distributor; retailer; user) Step 1,2,3,4 © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
21.
If you can
master issue trees, no fuzzy ambiguous problem need ever worry you again The biggest challenges: Moving between generalisations and specifics Ensuring your branches are MECE It can take a team half a day to create the best issue tree on a complex project. Usually time well invested, since the better the tree, the less work will be wasted. But STOP when you hit diminishing returns! Iterate – while doing it, you see another way of cutting it, each generating different insights. The issue tree maps out your work plan – your analysis focuses on finding facts to answer the questions at the far end of the tree The issue tree also is a good structure for your “deliverable” (see Pyramid Principle) BEST LEARNT BY DOING – practice issue trees in every case from now on! © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
22.
An issue tree
for a full consulting project could have 5 levels, over 30 sub-issues and take the team a day to get right McKinsey example: UK Childcare project Source: http://interactive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/strategy/survivalguide/index.htm © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
23.
The only way
to learn to use issue trees is by practicing Class Exercise: Create an issue tree for How can drug* problems be reduced? *Limit scope to illegal drugs (e.g. ketamine, e, cocaine, heroin) , not pharmaceutical, alcohol, tobacco © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
24.
The only way
to learn to use issue trees is by practicing Class Exercise: Create an issue tree for How can we solve the world’s environmental problems? © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
25.
Productive brainstorming needs
some team rules No discussion – especially no judgement/criticism Quantity more important than quality Encourage “silly’ ideas Brainstorm with a diverse group Record everything Everyone joins in Make it fun! PRACTICAL TIP: Use Post-Its, 1 idea per Post-It, call out and stick-up © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
26.
There are eight
steps to generate an issue tree 1) Write down the question/problem you are solving 2) Quickly brainstorm possible solutions 3) Organise and group the solutions logically, moving between general and specific thinking. Phrase each level as QUESTIONS. 4) Expand branches of your tree, by seeing additional solutions to generic questions 5) Prune branches of your tree where you can rule out solutions 6) Move important issues up the tree, shift minor issues down the tree 7) Try out different “cuts” to test which provides more insight 8) Revisit the question © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
27.
Issue Tree for
“How can drug problems be reduced?” Influence government “Regime change” How can we reduce Provide resources supply in growing Influence processors countries? Influence farmers Crop destruction How can we Incentives to grow How can we stop drugs Detection technology reduce the International cooperation other crops in transit? supply of How can we drugs? How can we increase the chance of dealers being How can we stop reduce the drug distribution in caught? quantity of drug user countries? How can we increase the consequences of being caught? Tax use? How can we punish Seize drug dealer How can we users more? How can we reduce the rewards assets reduce the How can we help users of dealing? Money laundering demand for recognise the real costs Education How can drug drugs? and benefits? Advertising Competition problems be Medical Research reduced? How can we reduce the benefits for users? How can we improve anti- addiction treatments? How can we help users How can we recover from drugs? How can we improve rehabilitation clinics? Develop new drugs reduce the impact of How can we make drugs safer Hand out clean needles How can we reduce the and healthier? drug-use? dangers of drug-use? How can we encourage Incentivise Quality Control switching to less harmful How can we reduce the side- drugs? effects of drug-use (e.g. gangs, crime, prostitution) All Rights Reserved © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd.
28.
Once you have
completed your issue tree, check that it will help you structure the problem •Are we answering the right question? •Are the branches complete? Have possible solutions been left out? •Are the branches independent? Will the overlaps make discrete analysis difficult? •Is this cut of the tree useful? What other cuts can you imagine that might shed different light on the problem? •Can you immediately cut off branches of the tree by reducing scope? •Go through every sub-issue at the end of the issue tree. Can you imagine a fact-based analysis to answer each one of them, or are they still too vague? © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved
29.
Sources to learn
more about using issue trees Cambridge University Engineering Department http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~mpj1001/MJ_teaching_pg.html http://interactive.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/strategy/survivalguide/skills/s_issue.htm © 2007-2012 IES Development Ltd. All Rights Reserved