1. Special Diets
1. Coeliac
2. Diabetes
3. Coronary Heart Disease
4. Hi-Fibre
5. Vegetarian
6. Obesity

2. Coeliac Disease - Cause
• Gluten is a protein
found mainly in
wheat and wheat
products.
• People with coeliac
condition are unable
to digest this
protein.
• If gluten is eaten it
damages the
intestine.

3. People with coeliac condition must eat a
gluten-free diet.
All foods containing gluten must be
excluded from the diet i.e. wheat
products – bread, cakes, pasta, biscuits
and some breakfast cereals.
Also exclude any foods containing flour or
breadcrumbs,e.g. fish fingers,packet
soups, sauces and hamburgers.

4. • Special gluten-free bread and flour
can be used.
• Cereals such as maize (corn) and
rice and their products e.g.
cornflour, can be used.
• Gluten – free symbol

5. Medical Treatment
Coeliac condition can usually be
controlled by diet and no medical
treatment is necessary

6. Diabetes Mellitus
• Diabetes Mellitus is characterised by
raised glucose levels in the blood due to
insulin deficiency or inability of insulin to
function.
• Insulin is a hormone in the pancreas,
which controls the amount of glucose in
the blood.

7. • If insulin is deficient or ineffective large
amounts of glucose remain in the blood
stream instead of being converted into
energy.
• The results of these reactions, toxins are
produced which cause kidney damage
and blindness. They may also cause heart
failure.

8. Diabetes: Type 1 – Insulin – Dependent
diabetes –
• It is a condition where the pancreas does
not make enough of the hormone insulin.
• Insulin is necessary to control the level
of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

9. • Glucose is excreted by the kidneys,
leaving little in the body for energy
production.
• If the blood sugar level rises or if it
falls the patient may become weak and
may lapse into a coma.

10. Pancreas

11. Type 2 – non insulin dependent
• This type occurs in older people who are
likely to be overweight.
• The pancreas makes insulin but the
insulin does not work.
• This form of diabetes may be helped by
losing weight and/or following a diabetic
diet.

12. Symptoms
Excessive thirst
Increase in the
amount of urine
excreted
Weight loss
Tiredness

13. Treatment
 Follow low-sugar diet
 Eat high-fibre/starchy foods
 Eat regularly – never go long without food
 Artificial sweeteners may be used to replace
sugar
 Special diabetic foods,e.g. jam,chocolate,can be
included in the diet
 Lose weight if necessary.

14. Medical Treatment
• In mild cases,
diabetes can be
treated by diet
alone. However, many
diabetics need daily
injections of insulin.

15. Coronary Heart Disease
• It occurs when the main
arteries of the heart become
hard and blocked with a fat-
like substance called
cholesterol – this narrows the
diameter of the vessels and
prevents blood from flowing
freely so that blood pressure
rises.
• Eventually an artery may
become totally blocked,causing
a heart attack. In a similar
way, blockage of an artery in
the brain causes a stroke.

17. Factors that increase risk of
heart disease
• Heredity
• Overweight/diet
high in saturated fat
• Smoking
• Stress
• Lack of exercise
• Abuse of alcohol

18. To reduce risk
• Have a low fat / low
calorie diet
• Avoid becoming
overweight
• Avoid smoking
• Avoid stress
• Take lots of
exercise
• Drink alcohol only in
moderation

19. Guidelines for reducing fat
• Avoid fried food –
boil,grill,bake or microwave
instead
• Choose low – fat proteins
such as white fish,chicken,
turkey and pulse vegetables
• Trim visible fat from meat,
cut down on red meat
• Use fat sparingly – spread
thinly on bread, add less in
cooking

20. Guidelines
• Choose low fat products – low fat
milk,yogurt,cheese, mayonnaise
• Switch to unsaturated margarine and oil
e.g. olive oil
• Avoid fatty snack foods such as
crisps,biscuits, pastries and chocolate
• Cut down on high cholesterol foods

21. High – Cholesterol foods
• Butter / Hard margarine
• Suet, lard, dripping
• Fat meats – bacon, sausage, pate
• Cheese, cream
• Egg particularly egg yolk.

22. Choose instead
• Unsaturated spreads,
oils
• White and oily fish
• Chicken, turkey and
pulse vegetables
• Cottage cheese, low fat
yogurts
• Fruit, vegetables, high
fibre cereals.

23. 150g – potatoes
• Boiled – 120 kcal
• Roasted – 230 kcal
• Chipped – 390 kcal
• Crisps – 800 kcal

24. High – Fibre diet
• Dietary fibre is found only in plant foods.
• It consists mainly of cellulose, which forms
the structural framework of the plant.
• It is most plentiful in the outer skin of
vegetables and fruit and the husk of cereals.
• Fibre is not digested but helps to move the
food along by creating bulk in the intestine.

25. Benefits of a high fibre diet
• Fibre prevents constipation
• Prevents poisonous chemicals from
building up in the body
• Fibre does not contain calories but it gives
a feeling of fullness. Therefore it is useful
in weight-reducing diets.

26. Health problems with low-fibre
diet
• Constipation
• Bowel disease
• Piles

27. Foods with a high-fibre content
• Wholegrain flour
• Whole wheat pasta
• Wholegrain cereals
• Vegetables, fruit with
skins on
• Nuts and seeds

28. Refined food
• In the past, because fibre was considered
to be rough on the intestines,
manufacturers began to refine or
process the food. Processing removes
the outer layers from cereals etc. so that
there is little fibre left. Processing also
removes valuable minerals and vitamins,
particularly vitamin B. For these reasons
unprocessed foods are now
recommended

29. Guidelines to increase fibre intake
• Choose whole cereals
• Eat high fibre breakfast cereals e.g.all-bran
• Leave skin on fruit and vegetables
• Eat whole fruit instead of fruit juices
• Include pulse vegetables in the diet
• Drink plenty of water

30. Vegetarian
• Types
1. Lactovegetarian – they do not eat
meat,fish or poultry. They eat animal
products such as eggs,milk and cheese.
2. Vegans – They do not eat meat,fish,
poultry,eggs,milk or dairy products.They
live on fruit,vegetables,cereals and nuts.

31. Reasons for choosing
Vegetarianism
• Cultural- may be the traditional diet of a
particular area or country.
• Religious- Hindus, Muslims and Jews
place restrictions on consumption of meat
and animal products e.g. pork for Jews.
• Health- vegan and vegetarian diets are
becoming increasingly popular among the
health conscious i.e. high in fibre and low
in cholestrol.

32. • Moral: People may dislike the thought of
killing animals for food. Some people
disapprove the practices involved in
rearing animals.
• Financial- vegetarian dishes are cheaper
to produce, ingredients tend to be less
expensive and cooking time is shorter.
• Tradition: may be the traditional diet of the
family.

33. Guidelines for a healthy
lactovegetarian diet
• Eat a wide variety of foods to get enough
protein. Include pulses, nuts and meat
substitutes for example Textured Vegetable
Protein (TVP).
• Choose whole cereals to get enough iron and
vitamin B group.
• Lactovegetarians should include milk and dairy
products to provide calcium. Vegans can get
calcium from fortified soya milk and leafy green
vegetables.

34. Vegetarian dishes
Savoury main courses may include:
• Veggie burgers
• Vegetarian curry
• Vegetable risotto
• Vegetarian pasta dishes for e.g.
vegetarian lasagne
• Quiche
• Pizza

35. Obesity
• Obesity means being 20% or more over
the recommended weight for height.
Causes:
1. Too many calories
2. Lack of exercise
3. Hereditary

36. Health problems associated
with obesity
Obese people are at risk of developing the
following:
• Diabetes
• Heart disease
• Varicose veins
• Heart disease
• High Blood pressure
• Stroke
• Gall stones
• Poor self image

37. Guidelines to reduce the risk of
obesity
1. Reduce calorie intake by:
• Grilling, steaming or boiling food instead of
frying.
• Avoid sugar sweetened drinks. Do not add
sugar to tea or to coffee.
• Remove visible fat from meat.
• Choose low fat dairy products.
• Not eating between meals.

38. Guidelines to reduce the risk of
obesity continued…
2. Increase high fibre foods by choosing fresh
fruit, vegetables and whole cereals instead of
high sugar and high fat foods.
2. Avoid crash or fad diets. Gradual weigh loss
is healthier and more likely to last.
2. Take more exercise to use up extra energy
from food.

39. Osteoporosis
• Osteoporosis is a condition characterized
by a decrease in the density of bone,
decreasing its strength and resulting in
fragile bones.
• Osteoporosis literally leads to abnormally
porous bone that is compressible, like a
sponge. This disorder of the skeleton
weakens the bone and results in frequent
fractures (breaks) in the bones

40. • http://www.medicinenet.com/osteoporosis/
page3.htm