The brief and authentic History of pragmatics.

2. Introduction
 The pragmatic principles people accept by in one
language are often different in another.
 Cross-linguistics( relating to different languages) and
cross-cultural studies reported what is considered
polite in one language is sometimes not polite in
another.
 Pragmatics is a new branch of linguistics, research on
it can be dated back to ancient Greece and Rome
where the term ‘pragmaticus’ is found in late Latin
and ‘pragmaticos’ in Greek, both meaning fit for an
action.

3. Classical Pragmatics
Far-side Pragmatics: Beyond Saying
1- Austin, Searle, and Speech Acts
2-Grice and Conversational Implicatures
3- Bach, Harnish, and a Unified Theory

4. Austin, Searle, and Speech Acts
We can use words to do different things such as the
meaning of anything is not only restricted to the literal
meaning of word, but what one intends to do with them
and the social setting in which the linguistic activity
occurs.

5. For Example:
I'll be there to pick you up at six
Is to promise to pick her listener up
at that time.
The ability to promise and to fulfill that promise is
possibly depended on the existence of a social practice or
set of conventions about what a promise is .
Austin especially emphasized the importance of social
fact and conventions in doing things with words.

6. Grice and Conversational
Implicatures
Its main emphasize was on what the speaker literally says
when using them, and what the speaker means or
intends to communicate by using those words.
For example:-
I ask you to lunch and you reply, “I have a one o'clock
class I'm not prepared for.”
You have conveyed to me that you will not be coming to
lunch, although you haven't literally said so but you
intend for me to figure out that by indicating a reason
for not coming to lunch.

7. Bach, Harnish, and a Unified
Theory
 Like Austin, but unlike Searle, Bach and Harnish argue
for the concept of locutionary acts.
 Locutionary act is a speech act (A speech act in
linguistics is a statement that has performative
function in language and communication).

8. For Example:
Don't go into the water.
In this sentence there is a warning to the listener not to
go into the water. If the listener notices the warning the
speech-act has been successful.
I warn you to stop smoking.

9. Near-side Pragmatics
 Kaplan on Indexical and Demonstratives
 Pragmatic Puzzles of Referentialism
 Stalnaker on Context and Content

10. Kaplan on Indexical and
Demonstratives
 Indexical means points to something and
Demonstratives means indicative or suggested
evidence.
 Paradigmatic examples of indexicals are ‘I’, ‘here’,
‘today‘ he , there , yesterday’,
 Both Ali and Aliha utter ‘I am hungry’,
Aliha says that she is hungry, whereas Ali says that he
is hungry.

11. Pragmatic Puzzles of
Referentialism
 Referentialism is a theory of language that claims that
the meaning of a word or expression lies in what it
points out in the world.
 Widow’ denotes widows and means the attributes of
being female, and of having been married to someone
now dead.
 Hespherus is visible in the eastern sky” and
“Phosphorus is visible in the eastern sky.”

12. For example
 Hesperus is visible in the eastern sky.
 Phosphorus is visible in the eastern sky.

13. Stalnaker on Context and Content
one will assume or presuppose from the context and
content.
For Example:
 Hiba knows the sea is salty.
One will assume or presuppose, that the sea is salty
 The Queen of England has many necklaces.
one will assume or presuppose that queen has many
necklaces.

14. Contemporary pragmatic theory
 Two models of Linguistics Communication
 Relevance theory
Principles of relevance
Implicated evidences and conclusion
 Levinson's theory of utterance-type meaning
 Literalists, Minimalist, contextualists and other.

15. 3 stages of development
 There are three stages in the development of
pragmatics.
 The 1st stage occurred in 1930s. The term “Pragmatics”
was used at a the 1st time. It was the branch of
Semiology/semiotics= the study of signs.

18. Pragmatics

27.  In 1938, Carnap said that pragmatics should focus on
relationship between users, words and reference
relationship.
 In 1940, Charles Morris divided semiology into 3 parts:
syntactics/syntax, semantics and pragmatics.
 Then, the 2nd stage: From 1950 to 1960: 3 philosophers:
Austin, Searle and Paul Grice established their theory
of Speech act and implicature theory.

28.  The 3rd Stage: in 1977, Jacob L. Mey published the 1st
Journal of Pragmatics in Holland.
 In 1983, Levinson wrote his book “Pragmatics” whereas
Geoffrey Leech wrote his “Principle of pragmatics”.
 In 1988,the set up of International Pragmatics
Association (IPrA). This was a year which noted as a
year when pragmatics turned into an independent
discipline.

29. Schools of Pragmatics
 There are two schools of pragmatics: Br. And
Am.school and European School.
 British and American school had a focus on sentence
structure and grammar: deictic expression,
conversational implicature, presupposition, speech and
conversational structure. It was called : Micro-
pragmatics.

30.  The European school had a wider focus. It focused on
macro-pragmatics scope like conversational analysis,
cultural anthropology, social linguistics and
psycholinguistics in the process of communication.