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Case econ08 ppt_19
1.
Chapter
19 Measuring National Output and National Income Prepared by: Fernando & Yvonn Quijano © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair
2.
Measuring National Output
19 CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output and National Income and National Income Chapter Outline Gross Domestic Product Final Goods and Services Exclusion of Used Goods and Paper Transactions Exclusion of Output Produced Abroad by Domestically Owned Factors of Production Calculating GDP The Expenditure Approach The Income Approach Nominal versus Real GDP Calculating Real GDP Calculating the GDP Deflator The Problems of Fixed Weights Limitations of the GDP Concept GDP and Social Welfare The Underground Economy Gross National Income Per Capita Looking Ahead © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 2 of 36
3.
MEASURING NATIONAL OUTPUT
AND NATIONAL INCOME CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output and National Income national income and product accounts Data collected and published by the government describing the various components of national income and output in the economy. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 3 of 36
4.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT CHAPTER
19: Measuring National Output and National Income gross domestic product (GDP) The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period by factors of production located within a country. GDP is the total market value of a country’s output. It is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period of time by factors of production located within a country. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 4 of 36
5.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
FINAL GOODS AND SERVICES CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output and National Income final goods and services Goods and services produced for final use. intermediate goods Goods that are produced by one firm for use in further processing by another firm. value added The difference between the value of goods as they leave a stage of production and the cost of the goods as they entered that stage. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 5 of 36
6.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT CHAPTER
19: Measuring National Output and National Income Tires taken from that pile and mounted on the wheels of the new car before it is sold are considered intermediate goods to the auto producer. Tires from that pile to replace tires on your old car are considered final goods. If, in calculating GDP, we included the value of the tires (an intermediate good) on new cars and the value of new cars (including the tires), we would be double counting. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 6 of 36
7.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT CHAPTER
19: Measuring National Output and National Income TABLE 6.1 Value Added in the Production of a Gallon of Gasoline (Hypothetical Numbers) STAGE OF PRODUCTION VALUE OF SALES VALUE ADDED (1) Oil drilling $ 1.00 $ 1.00 (2) Refining 1.30 0.30 (3) Shipping 1.60 0.30 (4) Retail sale 2.00 0.40 Total value added $ 2.00 In calculating GDP, we can either sum up the value added at each stage of production or we can take the value of final sales. We do not use the value of total sales in an economy to measure how much output has been produced. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 7 of 36
8.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
EXCLUSION OF USED GOODS AND PAPER CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output TRANSACTIONS and National Income GDP is concerned only with new, or current, production. GDP ignores all transactions in which money or goods change hands but in which no new goods and services are produced. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 8 of 36
9.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
EXCLUSION OF OUTPUT PRODUCED CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output ABROAD BY DOMESTICALLY OWNED and National Income FACTORS OF PRODUCTION GDP is the value of output produced by factors of production located within a country. gross national product (GNP) The total market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period by factors of production owned by a country’s citizens, regardless of where the output is produced. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 9 of 36
10.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output expenditure approach A method of and National Income computing GDP that measures the amount spent on all final goods during a given period. income approach A method of computing GDP that measures the income—wages, rents, interest, and profits—received by all factors of production in producing final goods. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 10 of 36
11.
CALCULATING GDP
THE EXPENDITURE APPROACH CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output There are four main categories of expenditure: and National Income Expenditure Categories: ■ Personal consumption expenditures (C): household spending on consumer goods ■ Gross private domestic investment (I): spending by firms and households on new capital, i.e., plant, equipment, inventory, and new residential structures ■ Government consumption and gross investment (G) ■ Net exports (EX - IM): net spending by the rest of the world, or exports (EX) minus imports (IM) GDP = C + I + G + (EX - IM) © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 11 of 36
12.
CALCULATING GDP
TABLE 6.2 Components of U.S. GDP, 2004: The Expenditure CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output Approach BILLIONS OF PERCENTAGE DOLLARS OF GDP and National Income Personal consumption expenditures (C) 8,214.3 70.0 Durable goods 987.8 8.4 Nondurable goods 2,368.3 20.2 Services 4,858.2 41.4 Gross private domestic investment (l) 1,928.1 16.4 Nonresidential 1,198.8 10.2 Residential 673.8 5.7 Change in business inventories 55.4 0.5 Government consumption and gross 2,215.9 18.9 investment (G) Federal 827.6 7.1 State and local 1,388.3 11.8 Net exports (EX – IM) −624.0 − 5.3 Exports (EX) 1,173.8 10.0 Imports (IM) 1,797.8 15.3 Gross domestic product (GDP) 11,734.3 100.0 Note: Numbers may not add exactly because of rounding. Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 12 of 36
13.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output Personal Consumption Expenditures (C) and National Income personal consumption expenditures (C) A major component of GDP: expenditures by consumers on goods and services. There are three main categories of consumer expenditures: durable goods, nondurable goods, and services. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 13 of 36
14.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output durable goods Goods that last a and National Income relatively long time, such as cars and household appliances. nondurable goods Goods that are used up fairly quickly, such as food and clothing. services The things we buy that do not involve the production of physical things, such as legal and medical services and education. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 14 of 36
15.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output Gross Private Domestic Investment (I) and National Income gross private domestic investment (I) Total investment in capital—that is, the purchase of new housing, plants, equipment, and inventory by the private (or nongovernment) sector. nonresidential investment Expenditures by firms for machines, tools, plants, and so on. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 15 of 36
16.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output residential investment Expenditures by households and firms on new houses and National Income and apartment buildings. Change in Business Inventories change in business inventories The amount by which firms’ inventories change during a period. Inventories are the goods that firms produce now but intend to sell later. GDP = final sales + change in business inventories © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 16 of 36
17.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output Gross Investment versus Net Investment and National Income depreciation The amount by which an asset’s value falls in a given period. gross investment The total value of all newly produced capital goods (plant, equipment, housing, and inventory) produced in a given period. net investment Gross investment minus depreciation. capitalend of period = capitalbeginning of period + net investment © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 17 of 36
18.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output Government Consumption and Gross Investment (G) and National Income government consumption and gross investment (G) Expenditures by federal, state, and local governments for final goods and services. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 18 of 36
19.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output Net Exports (EX - IM) and National Income net exports (EX - IM) The difference between exports (sales to foreigners of U.S.- produced goods and services) and imports (U.S. purchases of goods and services from abroad). The figure can be positive or negative. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 19 of 36
20.
CALCULATING GDP
THE INCOME APPROACH CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output and National Income national income The total income earned by the factors of production owned by a country’s citizens. TABLE 6.3 National Income, 2004 PERCENTAGE BILLIONS OF OF NATIONAL DOLLARS INCOME National Income 10,275.9 100.0 Compensation of employees 6,687.6 65.1 Proprietors’ income 889.6 8.7 Corporate profits 134.2 1.3 Net interest 1,161.5 11.3 Rental income 505.5 4.9 Indirect taxes minus subsidies 809.3 7.9 Net business transfer payments 91.1 0.9 Surplus of government enterprises −3.0 −0.0 Source: See Table 6.2. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 20 of 36
21.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output compensation of employees and National Income Includes wages, salaries, and various supplements—employer contributions to social insurance and pension funds, for example—paid to households by firms and by the government. proprietors’ income The income of unincorporated businesses. rental income The income received by property owners in the form of rent. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 21 of 36
22.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output corporate profits The income of and National Income corporate businesses. net interest The interest paid by business. indirect taxes minus subsidies Taxes such as sales taxes, customs duties, and license fees, less subsidies that the government pays for which it receives no goods or services in return. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 22 of 36
23.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output net business transfer payments Net transfer payments by businesses to and National Income others. surplus of government enterprises Income of government enterprises. TABLE 6.4 GDP, GNP, NNP and National Income, 2004 DOLLARS (BILLIONS) GDP 11,734.3 Plus: Receipts of factor income from the rest of the world + 415.4 Less: Payments of factor income to the rest of the world − 361.7 Equals: GNP 11,788.0 Less: Depreciation − 1,435.3 Equals: Net national product (NNP) 10,352.8 Less: Statistical discrepancy − 76.9 Equals: National income 10,275.9 Source: See Table 6.2. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 23 of 36
24.
CALCULATING GDP
net national product (NNP) Gross CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output national product minus depreciation; a and National Income nation’s total product minus what is required to maintain the value of its capital stock. TABLE 6.5 National Income, Personal Income, Disposable Personal Income, and Personal Saving, 2004 DOLLARS (BILLIONS) National income 10,275.9 Less: Amount of national income not going to households − 562.6 Equals: Personal income 9,713.3 Less: Personal income taxes − 1,049.1 Equals: Disposable personal income 8,664.2 Personal consumption expenditures − 8,214.3 Personal interest payments −186.7 Transfer payments made by households −111.5 Equals: Personal saving 151.8 Personal saving as a percentage of disposable personal income: 1.8% Source: See Table 6.2. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 24 of 36
25.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output statistical discrepancy Data and National Income measurement error. personal income The total income of households before paying personal income taxes. disposable personal income or after-tax income Personal income minus personal income taxes. The amount that households have to spend or save. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 25 of 36
26.
CALCULATING GDP CHAPTER 19:
Measuring National Output personal saving The amount of and National Income disposable income that is left after total personal spending in a given period. personal saving rate The percentage of disposable personal income that is saved. If the personal saving rate is low, households are spending a large amount relative to their incomes; if it is high, households are spending cautiously. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 26 of 36
27.
NOMINAL VERSUS REAL
GDP CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output current dollars The current prices and National Income that one pays for goods and services. nominal GDP Gross domestic product measured in current dollars. weight The importance attached to an item within a group of items. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 27 of 36
28.
NOMINAL VERSUS REAL
GDP CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output CALCULATING REAL GDP and National Income TABLE 6.6 A Three-Good Economy (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) GDP IN GDP IN GDP IN GDP IN YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 IN IN IN IN PRODUCTION PRICE PER UNIT YEAR 1 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 2 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 1 YEAR 2 PRICES PRICES PRICES PRICES Q1 Q2 P1 P2 P1 x Q1 P1 x Q2 P2 x Q1 P2 X Q2 Good A 6 11 $.50 $ .40 $3.00 $5.50 $2.40 $4.40 Good B 7 4 .30 1.00 2.10 1.20 7.00 4.00 Good C 10 12 .70 .90 7.00 8.40 9.00 10.80 Total $12.10 $15.10 $18.40 $19.20 Nominal GDP Nominal GDP in year 1 in year 2 © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 28 of 36
29.
NOMINAL VERSUS REAL
GDP CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output base year The year chosen for the and National Income weights in a fixed-weight procedure. fixed-weight procedure A procedure that uses weights from a given base year. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 29 of 36
30.
NOMINAL VERSUS REAL
GDP CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output CALCULATING THE GDP DEFLATOR and National Income The GDP deflator is one measure of the overall price level. The GDP deflator is computed by the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA). Overall price increases can be sensitive to the choice of the base year. For this reason, using fixed-price weights to compute real GDP has some problems. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 30 of 36
31.
NOMINAL VERSUS REAL
GDP CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output THE PROBLEMS OF FIXED WEIGHTS and National Income The use of fixed-price weights to estimate real GDP leads to problems because it ignores: • Structural changes in the economy. • Supply shifts, which cause large decreases in price and large increases in quantity supplied. • The substitution effect of price increases. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 31 of 36
32.
LIMITATIONS OF THE
GDP CONCEPT CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output GDP AND SOCIAL WELFARE and National Income Society is better off when crime decreases; however, a decrease in crime is not reflected in GDP. An increase in leisure is an increase in social welfare, but not counted in GDP. Nonmarket and household activities are not counted in GDP even though they amount to real production. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 32 of 36
33.
LIMITATIONS OF THE
GDP CONCEPT THE UNDERGROUND ECONOMY CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output and National Income underground economy The part of the economy in which transactions take place and in which income is generated that is unreported and therefore not counted in GDP. Whenever sellers looking for a profit come into contact with buyers willing to pay, markets will arise, often “underground.” © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 33 of 36
34.
LIMITATIONS OF THE
GDP CONCEPT CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output GROSS NATIONAL INCOME PER CAPITA and National Income gross national income (GNI) GNP converted into dollars using an average of currency exchange rates over several years adjusted for rates of inflation. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 34 of 36
35.
LIMITATIONS OF THE
GDP CONCEPT CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output TABLE 6.7 Per Capita Gross National Income for Selected Countries, 2004 and National Income COUNTRY U.S. DOLLARS COUNTRY U.S. DOLLARS Norway 52,030 Portugal 14,350 Switzerland 48,230 South Korea 13,980 United States 41,400 Czech Republic 9,150 Denmark 40,650 Mexico 6,770 Japan 37,180 Argentina 3,720 Sweden 35,270 Turkey 3,750 Ireland 34,280 South Africa 3,630 United Kingdom 33,940 Brazil 3,090 Finland 32,790 Romania 2,920 Austria 32,300 Jordan 2,140 Netherlands 31,700 Colombia 2,000 Belgium 31,030 Philippines 1,170 Germany 30,120 China 1,290 France 30,090 Indonesia 1,140 Canada 28,390 India 620 Australia 26,900 Pakistan 600 Italy 26,120 Nepal 260 Spain 21,210 Rwanda 220 Greece 16,610 Ethiopia 110 Source: World Bank, 2005. © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 35 of 36
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REVIEW TERMS AND
CONCEPTS net business transfer payments CHAPTER 19: Measuring National Output base year change in business inventories net exports (EX - IM) compensation of employees net interest and National Income corporate profits net investment current dollars net national product (NNP) depreciation nominal GDP disposable personal income, or after-tax nondurable goods income nonresidential investment durable goods personal consumption expenditures (C) expenditure approach personal income final goods and services personal saving fixed-weight procedure personal saving rate government consumption and gross proprietors’ income investment (G) rental income gross domestic product (GDP) residential investment gross investment services gross national income (GNI) statistical discrepancy gross national product (GNP) surplus of government enterprises gross private domestic investment (I) underground economy income approach value added indirect taxes minus subsidies weight intermediate goods Expenditure approach to GDP: GDP = C + I + G + (EX - IM) national income GDP = final sales - change in business inventories national income and product accounts net investment = capital end of period - capital beginning of period © 2007 Prentice Hall Business Publishing Principles of Economics 8e by Case and Fair 36 of 36
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