2. LEARNING
OUTCOMES
 To state what menstruation is,
 To relate menstruation to the
menstrual cycle,
 To state the importance of the
menstrual cycle,
 To state the hormones involved in
the menstrual cycle

3.  D is ch arge of u nfe rtilis e d ovu m , u te ru s lining
(e nd om e triu m wall) and b lood th rou gh vagina.
 Th e b re akd own of th e lining of th e u te ru s wall & its
d is ch arge th rou gh th e vagina with s om e b lood ,
ce lls , tis s u e flu id & gland u lar s e cre tions .
 G irls e xp e rie nce m e ns tru ation
wh e n re ach p u b e rty.

4. • Af t e r me n s t r u at i o n , t h e
t h i c k e n i n g o f e n d o me t r i u m
b e g i n s ag ai n  Me n s t r u al
c yc l e .
• Th e f i r s t d ay o f yo u r
me n s t r u al p e r i o d i s
c o n s i d e r e d D ay 1 o f yo u r
c yc l e .

5.  To provide a favourable environment for the
development of zygote in the uterus.
 Enables production of the female gamete 
propagation of species.
 Precisely coordinates & synchronises growth
of the endometrium & follicular development
 ovulation occurs  ovum is released.
 Reduces the chances of development of a
defective zygote.

6. Hormones involved in the menstrual cycle
H o r m o n e in v o lv e d L o c a t io n o f
in m e n s t r u a l c y c le s e c re te s
Gonadotrophin-releasing Hypothalamus
hormone (GnRH)
Follicle-stimulating Anterior pituitary
Hormone lobe
Luteinising Hormone (LH) Anterior pituitary
lobe
Oestrogen Follicle cell
Progesterone Corpus luteum

7. HORMONES FUNCTION
Follicle- Stimulates the development of
stimulating egg follicle in the ovary.
hormone (FSH)
Oestrogen Stimulates the repairing &
thickening of endometrium
Luteinising Stimulates ovulation & the
hormone (LH) formation of corpus luteum
Progesterone Maintain the thickening of the
endometrium.

8. L E A R N IN G
O U TC O M E S
 To relate hormonal levels to the
development of follicles, the process of
ovulation, & the formation of the corpus
luteum,
 To relate hormonal levels to changes in
thickness of the endometrium,
 Explain the role of hormones in
regulating the menstrual cycle,

10. MENSTRUAL CYCLE
The typical menstruation cycle occurs
regurlarly over 28 days. It is
consist of 4 stages
1-5 (stage 1)  menstruation
6-10(stage 2)  Rebuilding the thickening of
the uterus lining
11-17(stage 3)  Ovulation period. Release
of an ovum from the ovary.
18-28(stage 4)  Continued thickening of
the uterus lining by increasing of blood and
tissue.

11. The beginning….
 Day 1-5 :
 endometrium will be sloughed off
(menstruation)
 One of the primary follicles develops
 Day 6-14 :
 The primary follicles becomes Graafian
follicle.
 Graafian follicle releases its ovum
(secondary oocyte) around day 14 
ovulation

12. In progress….
 Day 15-28 :
 The remains of the Graafian follicle
becomes a yellowish body  corpus
luteum.
 If no fertilisation : the corpus luteum
eventually degenerates & the whole
process is repeated.

14. The Role of Hormones
 The menstrual cycle is controlled by
hormones.
 After menstruation, the pituitary
gland produces the follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) 
stimulates the development of egg
follicle in the ovary.

15.  The developing egg follicles secrete another
hormone called oestrogen  stimulates the
repairing & thickening of endometrium.
 Level of oestrogen rises, the endometrium
becomes thicker.
 High level of oestrogen is detected by the
pituitary gland  secretes the luteinising
hormone (LH)  stimulates ovulation & the
formation of corpus luteum,

16.  Corpus luteum secretes progesterone 
to maintain the thickening of the
endometrium.
 If fertilisation does not occur, the
corpus luteum degenerates & the level
of progesterone falls the
endometrium disintegrates & is shed as
menstruation.

19. L E A R N IN G
O U TC O M E S
 To state what premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is,
 To state the menopause is.

20. P re me ns trua l
S yn d r o m e (PMS )
 A few days before menstruation.
 Caused by changes in the levels of oestrogen
& progesterone  leads to accumulation of
salt & water in the body tissues  causes
discomfort.
 Emotional disturbances, nervousness,
irritability, headache, appetite changes &
depression.
 Disappears soon after menstruation begins.

21. Menopause
 The time in a woman’s life when the ovaries
cease to produce ova & menstruation stops 
the woman is no longer able to bear any
children.
 Between 45-55 years.
 Her ovaries become less receptive to FSH & LH
& follicular development slows down  the
level of oestrogen & progesterone fall as well.

22.  Causes the production of ova & the
thickening of endometrium decreased 
menopause occurs gradually.
 The menstrual cycle becomes longer
 Menstruation occurs less frequently.
 Eventually, it stops altogether.
 Due to the low level of oestrogen, some
women who have undergone menopause may
suffer from some health & emotional
problems.

23.  Headache, giddiness
 Nausea
 Abdominal pain
 Frequent urination
 Hot flushes & night sweat
 Dry skin
 Anxiety
 Insomnia
 Inflammation of the joints
 Decreased concentration & memory power

24.  Women who have undergone
menopause are at a higher risk of
contracting cancer of the uterus,
osteoporosis & heart diseases 
medical check-up at least once a year.
 Hormone replacement therapy  can
slow down the symptoms (pills @ skin
patches)