overview about diarrhea: its causes, effects, treatment, prevention

2. Diarrhea is a condition
that involves the
frequent passing of
loose or watery stools.
It comes from the Greek
word diarrhoia. Dia means
"flow" and rrhoia means
"through". The term
"flowing through" was
coined by Hippocrates.

3. - is defined as three or more unformed stools in 24
hours passed by a traveler, commonly accompanied by
abdominal cramps, nausea, and bloating.
- most common illness affecting travelers. An estimated
10 million people develop it annually.
-ESCHERICHIA COLI is the most commonly isolated
pathogen. Most cases are self-limited; treatment is not
routinely prescribed nor the pathogen identified unless
symptoms become severe or persistent.

4. Absorption of water in the
intestines is dependent on
adequate absorption of
solutes. If excessive amounts
of solutes are retained in the
intestinal lumen, water will
not be absorbed and
diarrhea will result from one
of two situations:

5. INGESTION OF A POORLY ABSORBED
SUBSTRATE: The offending molecule is
usually a carbohydrate or divalent ion.
Common examples include mannitol or
sorbitol, epson salt (MgSO4) and some
antacids (MgOH2).
MALABSORPTION: Inability to absorb
certain carbohydrates is the most
common deficit in this category of
diarrhea, but it can result virtually any
type of malabsorption.

6. Diarrhea occurs when secretion
of water into the intestinal
lumen exceeds absorption.
Large volumes of water are normally
secreted into the small intestinal lumen, but
a large majority of this water is efficiently
absorbed before reaching the large
intestine.
VIBRIO CHOLERAE, produces cholera
toxin, which strongly activates adenylyl
cyclase, causing a prolonged increase in
intracellular concentration

7. hormones secreted by certain certain metals, organic
types of tumors (e.g. vasoactive a broad range toxins, and plant products (e.g.
some intestinal peptide)
of drugs (e.g.
arsenic, insecticides, mushroom
toxins, caffeine)
laxatives some types of
asthma
medications,
antidepressant
s, cardiac
drugs)

8. It is the
disruption of
the epithelium
It results not only of the intestine
in exudation of due to
serum and blood microbial or
into the lumen viral pathogens
but with that is a very
Absorption of widespread common cause
water occurs destruction of of diarrhea in
very absorptive
all species.
epithelium.
inefficiently
and diarrhea
results.

9. Bacteria: Salmonella, E.
coli, Campylobacter
Viruses:
rotaviruses, coronaviruses, parvovir
uses (canine and feline), norovirus
Protozoa: coccidia
species, Cryptosporium, Giardia

10. Alterations in
intestinal motility
(usually increased
propulsion) are
observed.
the intestinal contents
must be adequately
exposed to the mucosal
epithelium and retained
long enough to allow
absorption.

11. FACTORS
Emotional Bacterial
distress infection
Food/lactose Viral flu
intolerance (gastroenteritis)

12. TRANSMISSION
- occurs when food or
drinking water contaminated
by fecal/vomit diarrhea.
Direct transmission can also
occur when contaminated
hands used to buy food.

13. Diarrhea is manifested by the
passage of fluid stools due to
the effects of toxic matter
and other infectious
substances that have been
ingested into the digestive
system. NORMALLY, a
person's stools are as a result
of food particles that are
retained as excretion after
initial assimilation of nutrients
on their passage to the colon.

14. STOMACHACHE is ONE ALSO FEELS THE
intermittent depending URGE TO VISIT THE
on the seriousness of TOILET after short
the disease. intervals.

15. experiences NAUSEOUS FEELING which leads
to their throwing out frequently to remove
what they have eaten.

16. Some cause severe
diarrhea mostly in children,
while some affect all age
groups equally.

17. The medical staff must
determine a reasonable approach
to the evaluation of diarrheal
stools since the cost to rule out
all potential pathogens is
prohibitive and control of the
use of laboratory services is now
a major focus in all institutions.
All stool cultures should be examined for
Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Shigella

18. For patients with a history of
raw seafood ingestion or If a child has
foreign travel, the laboratory bloody
should be asked to screen
specimens for Vibrio and diarrhea, a
Plesiomonas species. The search for E coli
report from the laboratory
should specifically state what
is indicated.
enteropathogens have been
excluded, for example, "No
Salmonella, Shigella, or
Campylobacter isolated."

19. Clinicians are
encouraged to discuss
these issues with the
pathologist or
microbiologist and be
familiar with community
microbiology
practice, particularly
which organisms
require a special
request for the
laboratory to attempt
identification.

20. PREVENT OR TREAT
DEHYDRATION
Give a child or adult plenty of clear
fluid
Avoid milk or milk-based products,
alcohol, apple juice, and caffeine
Give an infant frequent sips of water
If they are unable to keep up with
their losses, call a doctor.

21. 2. REST

22. “Always laugh when you can, it is the cheap
medicine.”
― George Gordon Byron
THANKS FOR LISTENING!!!