3. Substance Abuse: The repeated use of substances that lead to recurring problems impairment of functioning video Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
4. Normal Stable mood. No concern about substance use. Occasional but appropriate alcohol use or use of medication. Emotions Cognitions Behaviors Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
5. Normal Mild Mild discomfort about the day, feeling a bit irritable or down. Thoughts about the difficulty of the day. Worry that something will go wrong at work. Drinking a bit more than usual; relying on medication to sleep. Emotions Cognitions Behaviors Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
6. Normal Mild Moderate Considerable stress and sadness (note that opposite emotions occur when drug is used). Dwelling on negative aspects of the day; worry about threats to one’s job or marriage. Thoughts about ways to hide substance abuse. Drinking alcohol regularly at night; occasionally missing work on Mondays; heavy use of medication. Emotions Cognitions Behaviors Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
7. Normal Mild Moderate Substance-Related Disorder – Less Severe Intense stress, sadness, and feelings of emptiness; agitation about not having access to a specific drug or drugs. Frequent thoughts about using substances and worry about harm to personal health. Regular intoxication such that many days are missed from work; arguments with spouse about substance use; arrests for impairment. Emotions Cognitions Behaviors Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
8. Normal Mild Moderate Substance-Related Disorder – Less Severe Substance-Related Disorder – More Severe Extreme stress, sadness, and feelings of emptiness. Extreme agitation when drug is not available. Thoughts focused almost exclusively on drug use and self-destruction of one’s lifestyle. Very frequent intoxication; loss of job or marriage; physical addiction to a drug; seeking to secure or use drugs most of the time. Emotions Cognitions Behaviors Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
9. Substance Dependence Substance Withdrawal Tolerance withdrawal video Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
10. Increaseslevels of GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) in the brain Low levels: disinhibition GABA inhibits the inhibitory brain systems High levels: depressant At high levels, GABA inhibits the excitatory brain systems Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment Alcohol
11. Epicanthal folds Underdeveloped upperpart of ear Small palpebral fissures Smoothphiltrum Flat nasal bridge Thin upper lip Upturned nose Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
12. Prefrontal cortex Nucleus accumbus Ventricle tegmental area Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
13. Brain features Prefrontal cortex also responsible for decision-making and impulse control brain images and addiction
15. Proximal factors Distal factors Genetic predisposition, Impulsive personality, Deviant peers, Culture, Family conflict, Parental drug use, Drug/learning experiences Activation of mesolimbic pathway, Daily stress and depression, Peer pressure, Positive expectancies about drug use, Availability of drugs Substance-related disorder Reinforcers Punishers Mood enhancement, Relief from stress, Belonging to a peer group, Avoidance of withdrawal symptoms Ill physical effects, Legal problems, Cognitive decline, Divorce and loss of jobs, Tolerance Features and Epidemiology Causes and Prevention Assessment and Treatment
