This slide contains basics of charts and graphs in R programming language. I also focused on practical knowledge so I tried to give maximum example to understand the concepts.

1. Charts and Graphs-
R Programming

2. Introduction
 Since we know that a huge amount of data is generated when
it comes to interpreting any sector
 To acquire significant insights, it is usually preferable to depict
data through charts and graphs rather than scanning large
Excel sheets.
 The R programming language is mostly used to depict data
graphically in software for statistics and data analytics.

3.  The R programming language includes some simple and easy
techniques for converting data into visually appealing features
such as graphs and charts.
 In R, charts and graphs are used to graphically depict the
data.
 R Programming language has numerous libraries to create
charts and graphs.
 There are numerous types of charts and graphs are present in
R language such as pie chart, scatter graph, bar plot, box plot,
mosaic plot, dot chart, coplot, histogram, etc.

4. Pie Chart
 A pie chart is a visual depiction of values as colored slices of a
circle.
 The slices are identified, and the graphic also shows the
numbers that correlate to each slice.
 The pie chart is made in R using the pie() function, which
requires a vector input of positive values.
 The extra options are used to customize labels, color, and
title, among other things.

5.  Syntax:
pie(x, labels, radius, main, col, clockwise)
vector
Description
radius of
the circle
Direction
color
palette
Title

6. Here,
 x indicates a vector that contain numerical values.
 labels is used to describe the slices.
 radius indicates the radius of the circle of the pie chart.
(value between −1 and +1).
 The chart's title is indicated by the main.
 The color palette is indicated by col.
 The logical value clockwise indicates whether the slices are
drawn clockwise or anticlockwise.

7. Example-1
We can create a very simple pie-chart with the help of only two
parameters such as the input vector and labels.
# Firstly we Create data i.e. vector for the chart.
x <- c(35, 60, 20, 40)
# After that naming labels of slices
labels <- c(“INDIA", "NEW YORK", “NEW DELHI", "MUMBAI")
# Call pie() function to Plot the chart
pie(x,labels)

8.  After executing these commands
R Console shows the given chart.

9. Example- 2
#The below script will create a pie chart and save the pie chart in
the current R working directory.
x <- c(35, 60, 20, 40)
labels <- c(“KANPUR", “BAREILLY", “NEW DELHI", "MUMBAI")
# Call png() function to give the chart file name.
png(file = "city.png")
pie(x,labels)
# To Save the file.
dev.off()

10. Example- 3
 #We can expand the features of the pie chart by adding more parameters
to the function. The below script shows it.
 pie(x, labels, main="City Pie Chart")

11. Example- 4
 pie(x,labels, radius= -1, main="City Pie Chart")

12. Example- 5
 pie(x, labels, radius= 1, main="City Pie Chart", col="RED")
 Note: For rainbow color pallet, Use rainbow
function.

13. 3D Pie Chart
 We can also draw pie chart with 3 dimensions i.e. 3D using
additional packages.
 plotrix package has a function called pie3D() that is used for
creating 3D pie chart.

14. Example- 6
# Install Package
Install.packages(“plotrix”)
# Get the library.
library(plotrix)
# Create data for the graph.
x <- c(35, 60, 20, 40)
labels <- c(“KANPUR", “BAREILLY", “NEW DELHI",
"MUMBAI")
pie3D(x,labels = lbl,explode = 0.1, main = "Pie Chart of
Countries ")

15. Histograms
 A histogram represents the frequencies of values of a variable
bucketed into ranges.
 Histogram is similar to bar chat but the difference is it groups
the values into continuous ranges i.e. In a histogram, there
are no gaps between the bars, unlike a bar graph.
 Each bar in histogram represents the height of the number of
values present in that range.

16.  R creates histogram using hist() function.
 This function takes a vector as an input and uses some more
parameters to plot histograms.
 We Use histograms when we have continuous
measurements and want to understand the distribution of
values and look for outliers.

17.  Syntax:
hist(v,main,xlab,xlim,ylim,breaks,col,border)
vector
Description
description
of x-axis
width of
each bar
range of values on
the y-axis.
range of values on
the x-axis
color
palette
set border
color

18. Here
 v indicates vector that contain numeric values.
 Title of the chart is indicated by main
 col parameter is used to set color of the bars.
 To set border color of each bar, border parameter is used.
 xlab is used to give description of x-axis.
 xlim and ylim are used to specify the range of values on the x-
axis and y-axis respectively.
 breaks is used to mention the width of each bar.

19. Example- 1
 # Create histogram
 # Create data for the graph.
v <- c(7,11,19,7,40,12,22,31,44,55,43)
 # Create the histogram.
hist( v, xlab = "Weight", col = "yellow",
border = "blue")

20. Example- 2
 The xlim and ylim parameters can be used to set the range of
values allowed in the X and Y axes, respectively.
 Breaks can be used to determine the width of each bar.
v <- c(7,11,19,7,40,12,22,31,44,55,43)
hist(v,xlab = "Weight",col = "green",border =
"red",xlim = c(0,40), ylim = c(0,5), breaks = 5)

21. Bar Charts
 A bar chart depicts data as rectangular bars whose length is
proportionate to the variable's value.
 The function barplot() in R is used to make bar charts.
 In a bar chart, R can create both vertical and horizontal bars.
 Each of the bars in a bar chart can be colored differently.

22.  Syntax:
barplot(H,xlab,ylab,main, names.arg,col)
vector
label for x
axis
width of
each bar
label for y
axis
Title
names appearing
under each bar
colors to
the bars

23. Here,
 H indicates vector or matrix that contain numeric values.
 xlab is the label for x axis.
 ylab is the label for y axis.
 main is the title of the bar chart.
 names.arg is a vector of names appearing under each bar.
 col is used to give colors to the bars in the graph.

24. Example- 1
 Create a simple bar chart
 # Create the data for the bar chart
 H <- c(9,15,23,13,22)
 # Plot the bar chart
 barplot(H)

25. Example- 2
Create a simple bar chart using vector and names of each bar.
 # Create the data for the bar chart
H <- c(9,15,23,13,22)
names <- c("March","April","May","June","July")
 # Plot the bar chart
barplot(H,names.arg = names)

26. Example- 3
 Create a bar chart using other parameters.
H <- c(9,15,23,13,22)
names <- c("March","April","May","June","July")
barplot(H,names.arg=names,xlab="Months",ylab=“
Expenditure",col="yellow", main="Expenditure
chart",border="black")
Or
We also use parameters in this sequence.
barplot(H,xlab="Months",ylab="Expenditure",main="Expenditur
e chart", names.arg = names, col= "blue")

27. Line Graph
 A line chart is a graph that connects a set of points by
connecting them with line segments.
 These points are sorted according to the value of one of their
coordinates (typically the x-coordinate).
 Line charts are commonly used to identify data trends.
 The line graph was created using R's plot() function.

28.  Syntax:
plot(v, type, main, col, xlab, ylab)
vector
Title
Draw points
or lines
label for
x axis
label for y
axis
colors to both the points
and lines

29. Here
 The numeric values are stored in vector V
 Type takes value "p" is used to draw only points, "l" is used to
draw just lines, and "o" is used to draw both points and lines.
 The x axis is labeled as xlab.
 The y axis label is ylab.
 The main is the chart's title.
 The col is used to color both the points and the lines.

30. Example- 1
We can create a simple line chart using two parameters the
input vector and the type parameter as “o".
v <- c(10,15,22,32)
plot (v,type = “o”)

31. Example - 2
 Create using other parameters
v <- c(10,15,11,17,28)
plot (v, main = “Line Graph”, xlab = “Months”, ylab =
“Expenditure”, type = “o”, col = “RED”)

32. Example - 3
 Using lines()function, More than one line can be
drawn on the same chart
v <- c(7,12,28,3,41)
t <- c(14,7,6,19,3)
plot(v,type = "o",col = “blue", xlab
= "Months", ylab = “Expenditure",
main = “Expenditure chart")
lines(t, type = "o", col = “yellow")