4. Outline
How can we calculate the response of the
system? IP, local field effects and Time
Dependent DFT
Some applications and recent steps forward
Conclusions
Response of the system to a perturbation →
Linear Response Regime
6. From Maxwell equation to the response
function
D(r ,t)=ϵ0 E(r ,t)+P(r ,t) ∇⋅E(r ,t)=4 πρtot (r ,t)
∇⋅D(r ,t)=4 πρext (r ,t)
From Gauss's law:Materials equations:
Electric
Displacemen
t
Electric Field
Polarization
P(r ,t)=∫χ(t−t ' ,r ,r')E(t ' r')dt ' dr '+∫dt
1
dt
2
χ
2
(...)E(t
1
)E(t
2
)+O(E
3
)
In
general:
For a small perturbation we consider only the first
term, the linear response regimeP(r ,t)=∫χ(t−t ' ,r ,r')E(t ' r')dt ' dr '
In Fourier space:
P(ω)=ϵ0 χ(ω)E(ω)=ϵ0(ϵ(ω)−1)E(ω) D(ω)=ϵ0 ϵ(ω)E(ω)
7. Response Functions
ϵ(ω)=
D(ω)
ϵ0 E(ω)
=
δV ext (ω)
δV tot (ω)
Moving from Maxwell equation to linear
response theory we define
ϵ
−1
(ω)=
δVtot (ω)
δVext (ω)
Vtot (⃗r t)=V ext (⃗r t)+∫dt '∫d ⃗r
'
v(⃗r−⃗r
'
)ρind (⃗r
'
t
'
)
Vtot (⃗r ,t)=V ext (⃗r ,t)+Vind (⃗r ,t ')
where
The induced charge density results in a total
potential via the Poisson equation.
ϵ
−1
(ω)=1−v
δρind
δV ext
ϵ(ω)=1+v
δρind
δVtot
Our goal is to calculate the
derivatives of the induced density
respect to the external potential
8. The Kubo formula 1/2
H=H0+Hext (t)=H0+∫d rρ(r) V ext (r ,t)
We star from the time-dependent
Schroedinger equation:
i
∂ ψ
∂t
=[H0+Hext (t)] ψ(t)
...and search for a solution as product
of the solution for Ho plus an another
function (interaction representation)...
̃ψ(t)=e
i H0 t
ψ(t)
i
∂ ̃ψ(t)
∂t
=e
iH 0 t
Hext(t)e
−iH0 t
̃ψ(t)= ̃Hext (t) ̃ψ(t)
...and we can write a formal solution as: ̃ψ(t)=e
−i∫t 0
t
̃H ext(t)dt
̃ψ(t0)
9. Kubo Formula
(1957)
r t ,r'
t'
=
ind
r ,t
ext r' ,t '
=−i〈[ r ,t r' t ']〉
The Kubo formula 2/2
̃ψ(t)=e
−i∫t0
t
̃H ext(t)dt
̃ψ(t0)=[1+
1
i
∫t0
t
dt ' Hext (t ')+O(Hext
2
)] ̃ψ(t0)
For a weak perturbation we can expand:
And now we can calculate the induced density:
ρ(t)=〈 ̃ψ(t)∣̃ρ(t)∣̃ψ(t)〉≈〈ρ〉0−i∫t0
t
〈[ρ(t), Hext (t ')]〉+O(Hext
2
)
ρind (t)=−i∫t0
t
∫dr〈[ρ(r ,t),ρ(r' t ')]〉ϕext (r' ,t ')
...and finally......and finally...
The linear response to a perturbation is independent on
the perturbation and depends only on the properties of
10. How to calculated the dielectric
constant
i
∂ ̂ρk (t)
∂t
=[Hk +V
eff
, ̂ρk ] ̂ρk (t)=∑i
f (ϵk ,i)∣ψi,k 〉〈 ψi,k∣
The Von Neumann equation
(see Wiki http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix)
r t ,r
'
t
'
=
ind
r ,t
ext r' ,t '
=−i〈[ r ,t r' t ']〉We want to calculate:
We expand X in an independent particle basis set
χ(⃗r t ,⃗r'
t'
)= ∑
i, j,l,m k
χi, j,l,m, k ϕi, k (r)ϕj ,k
∗
(r)ϕl,k (r')ϕm ,k
∗
(r')
χi, j,l,m, k=
∂ ̂ρi, j, k
∂Vl,m ,k
Quantum Theory of the
Dielectric Constant in Real Solids
Adler Phys. Rev. 126, 413–420 (1962)
What is Veff
?
11. Independent Particle
Independent Particle Veff
= Vext
∂
∂Vl ,m,k
eff
i
∂ρi, j ,k
∂t
= ∂
∂Vl ,m, k
eff
[Hk+V
eff
, ̂ρk ]i, j, k
Using:
{
Hi, j ,k = δi, j ϵi(k)
̂ρi, j, k = δi, j f (ϵi,k)+
∂ ̂ρk
∂V
eff
⋅V
eff
+....
And Fourier transform respect to t-t', we get:
χi, j,l,m, k (ω)=
f (ϵi,k)−f (ϵj ,k)
ℏ ω−ϵj ,k+ϵi ,k+i η
δj ,l δi,m
i
∂ ̂ρk (t)
∂t
=[Hk +V
eff
, ̂ρk ]
χi, j,l,m, k=
∂ ̂ρi, j, k
∂Vl,m ,k
12. Optical Absorption: IP
Non Interacting System
δρNI=χ
0
δVtot χ
0
=∑
ij
ϕi(r)ϕj
*
(r)ϕi
*
(r')ϕj(r ')
ω−(ϵi−ϵj)+ i η
Hartree, Hartree-Fock, dft...
=ℑχ0=∑
ij
∣〈 j∣D∣i〉∣2
δ(ω−(ϵj −ϵi))
ϵ
''
(ω)=
8 π2
ω2 ∑
i, j
∣〈ϕi∣e⋅̂v∣ϕj 〉∣
2
δ(ϵi−ϵj−ℏ ω)
Absorption by independent
Kohn-Sham particles
Particles are interacting!
13. Time-dependent Hartree (local fields)
Time-dependent Hartree
(local fields effects)
Veff
= Vext
+
VH
Vtot r t=V ext r t∫dt '∫d r'
v r−r'
ind r'
t'
The induced charge
density results in a
total potential via
the Poisson equation.
r ,r' ,t−t '=
r ,t
V ext r ' ,t '
=
r ,t
Vtot r ' ' ,t ' '
Vtot r' ' ,t ' '
V ext r' ,t '
χ(⃗r t ,⃗r
'
t
'
)=χ0(⃗r t ,⃗r
'
t
'
)+∫dt1 dt2∫d ⃗r1 d ⃗r2 χ0 (⃗r t , ⃗r1 t1)v(⃗r1−⃗r2)χ(⃗r2 t2 ,⃗r
'
t
'
)
ind
Vind
Vtot
0r ,r
'
=
ind r ,t
V tot r
'
t
'
Screening of the
external perturbation
17. Macroscopic averages 1/3
In a periodic medium every function
V(r) can be represented by the Fourier
series:
V (r)=∫dq∑G
V (q+G)ei(q+G)r
or
V (r)=∫dqV (q,r)eiqr
=∫dq∑G
V (q+G)ei(q+G)r
Where: V (q ,r)=∑G
V (q+G)eiGr
The G components describe the oscillation in the cell
while the q components the oscillation larger then L
21. Macroscopic averages and local fields
If you want the macroscopic
response use the first equation
and then invert the dielectric
constant
ϵ
−1
(ω)=1+v
δρind
δV ext
ϵ(ω)=1−v
δρind
δV tot
Local fields are not
enough....
22. What is missing?
Two particle excitations, what is missing?Two particle excitations, what is missing?
electron-hole interaction, exchange, higher order effects......
26. V ext=0
V extV HV xc
q ,=
0
q ,
0
q,vf xc q ,q ,
TDDFT is an exact
theory for neutral
excitations!
Time Dependent DFT
V eff (r ,t)=V H (r ,t)+ V xc (r ,t)+ V ext (r ,t)
Interacting System
Non Interacting System
Petersilka et al. Int. J. Quantum Chem. 80, 584 (1996)
I= NI=
I
Vext
0=
NI
V eff
... by
using ...
=
0
1
V H
V ext
V xc
V ext
v
f xc
i
∂ ̂ρk (t)
∂t
=[ HKS , ̂ρk ]=[ Hk
0
+V eff
, ̂ρk ]
27. Time Dependent DFT
Choice of the xc-
functional
...with a good xc-functional
you can get the right spectra!!!
28. Summary
● How to calculate linear response in solids
molecules
● The local fields effects:
time-dependent Hartree
● Correlation problem:
TD-Hartree is not enough!
● Correlation effects can be included by mean
of TDDFT
30. References!!!
Electronic excitations: density-functional versus many-body
Green's-function approaches
RMP, vol 74, pg 601, (2002 ) G. Onida, L. Reining, and A. Rubio
On the web:
● http://yambo-code.org/lectures.php
● http://freescience.info/manybody.php
● http://freescience.info/tddft.php
● http://freescience.info/spectroscopy.php
Books: