The implementations of Sweden's environmental goals in Swedish Lappland are not succeeding due to issues of legitimacy, credibility and lack of local participation. Systems analysis revealed that unresolved social issues of governance prevent addressing environmental objectives. Specifically, a history of abuse and misuse of governmental power has continued, creating confusion over land rights and questioning the legitimacy of state authorities. Environmental goals cannot be implemented until underlying social trust and credibility are restored through greater local participation and resolution of governance issues.

1. Convergence or divergenceonnorthernSweden? A field case from Swedish Lappland thattook an unexpected turn

2. The National environmental goals No success: The implementationsoftheSwedishenvironmetal goals in theSwedishmountaindistrict is not goinganywhere at the moment Highambitions: The environmental goals ofSwedenare 16, designed to address all major environmental problems here Dispair: The EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyfeels it does not know what to do. Whydoesn’t it workwheneverybody just loves theenvironment?

3. Somehistoryofthemountains Thereareseveralpopulations in the area Saami Swedes Finns The differentpopulations have differentlifestyles and languages Swedes and Finns areurbanized industrialists, Finnish is FinnoUgrian, Swedish is IndoEuropean The Saamiarepartlynomads, largelyurbanized, Saami is a FinnoUgrianlanguage, separate from Finnish

4. Pastabuseofpower The governmentmistreated and discriminatedtheinlandpopulationincludingtheSaami during 1550-1970 and commitedseveral grave cases ofoppressioncrimesbasedondifferences in lifestyles The governmentconfiscated 90,000 km2of land withforce 400/300/200/100 yearsago (from all, mostlyillegallythen) and kept it withforce in all theseyearsagainstthewillofsignificant parts ofthelocalpopulation The abuse and thefollow-oneffects have lead to manyconflicts in the region Unclarityconcerningownership and landuse rights create a vacuumthatallowsthestrongest to rule and divide.

5. Theyare all equallymuchSwedes The Caucasiansarrived 14,000 yearsago (5%) The Swedesarrived 6,500 yearsago (85%) The Saamiarrived 3,500 yearsago (0.6%) The Finns arrived 600 yearsago (0.8%)

6. What to do? Findthe problem and define it Findcauses and causalchainson to effects Understand thedynamicsofthe system Investigate scenarios Reconstructthepast Change inputs and conditions Changethe system structures Proposeways forward

7. Get a dedicated team Harald Sverdrup, Deniz Koca, Salim Belyazid from Chemical Engineering, Lund University Peter Schlyter from PhysicalGeography, Stockholm University HördurHaraldsson and PO Wickberg from NVV 32 stakeholders from themountain region

8. Method Definethe problem Make system maps to understand what is goingon, how it works, how a lot ofstuffinteracts Make sure the stakeholder understand it, by participating in theactualanalysis (Theyget a sneakcourse in systems analysis just by taking part in theprocess) Pull consequencesout from the diagrams Make recommendations to theEnvironmentalprotectionboard

9. The plan

10. Planen II

11. Environmantal goals areonly a special case ofsustainability goals

12. Manythings to connect

13. Turism som fenomen

14. Turism, scooter and natur

15. Turism, Samiske näringer, fjellandskap

16. Mountain farms

17. What it used to be

18. The etnicgroup and integration versus segregation

19. AdditionalCLDs for Forestry Sami culture, identity and society Effectsofwild predators on animal husbandry, turism, biodiversity and naturalconservation Severalstepsof diagrams for governmentalpowerstructures, useofpower, legal system, managementof land resources, governanceissues, land ownership

20. A discovery in thegroupof stakeholders

22. Institutionalinefficiency

24. Wehadsomesurprises Abuse and misuseofpower in the region has continued Important land rights issues have beenleft in a stateofconfusion for a century, allowingcontinuedpowerabuse The legitimacy and credibilityofcentralstateauthorities is questioned in the area Naturvårdsverketslegitimacy is tainted by otheragencie’sabuseofpower

25. So what ? Environmental goals are not implementedbecauseofissuesoflegitimacy, credibility and lackoflocalparticipation The definitionsareincomplete and have lowrelevance to fieldconditions Environment is still seen as a veryimportnatissue by a majorityofthearea’spopulation

26. Conclusions Unresolvedsocialissuesofgovernancepreventimplementationoftheenvironmental goals and objectives The socialissuesneeds to be resolved in order beforetheenvironmentalissuescan be addressed Social trust, legitimacy and credibility is hard to earn and quick to loose Without systems analysiswewould never have discoveredthe real problem oftheissue

27. Trust I

28. Trust II

29. Trust III

30. The viciouscircle

31. Sustainability limits economy

32. 3 bigchallenges Climatechangewil make profoundphysicalchanges to the world cascadingintosociety Urbanization and demographicchangePeoplegetting older, moving from land to city, from land useprofessions to urbanizedoccupations. The race for energy and material resourcesThe present material use is outstrippingthesupplycapacitiesofthe world, quicklyexhaustingalmost all reserves within a fewcenturies.

33. To goon Introduction to systems analysis Group modellingonthe case studies Systems maps Generatedynamicmodels Createindicator-drivendiagnostic system model