1. species and ecosystems
Manuel de Landa

2. species and ecosystems

3. structure generating processes
species and ecosystems

4. structure generating processes
species and ecosystems
[gene pool of species]

5. structure generating processes
species and ecosystems
[gene pool of species]
historical outcome of a sorting process

6. structure generating processes
species and ecosystems
[gene pool of species]
accumulation of
historical outcome of a sorting process genetic materials by
selection pressures

7. structure generating processes
species and ecosystems
[gene pool of species]
accumulation of
historical outcome of a sorting process genetic materials by
selection pressures
consolidation

8. structure generating processes
species and ecosystems
[gene pool of species]
accumulation of
historical outcome of a sorting process genetic materials by
selection pressures
consolidation reproductive isolation

9. structure generating processes
species and ecosystems
[gene pool of species]
accumulation of
historical outcome of a sorting process genetic materials by
selection pressures
consolidation reproductive isolation

10. reproductive isolation

11. reproductive isolation
external
causes

12. reproductive isolation
external
internal
causes
causes

13. flow of genes reproductive isolation
external
internal
causes
causes

14. flow of genes reproductive isolation barriers
external
internal
causes
causes

15. flow of genes reproductive isolation barriers
external
internal
causes
causes
encapsulated in packets

16. flow of genes reproductive isolation barriers
external
internal
causes
causes
encapsulated in packets
stratified
system

17. flow of genes
Organisms and genomes may thus be regarded as compartments of the
biosphere
through which genes in general circulate at various rates
and in which individual genes and operons may be incorporated if of sufficient
advantage.
KWJeon & JFDanielli,
1971

18. 3 abstract machines

19. 3 abstract machines
hierarchies

20. 3 abstract machines
hierarchies
meshworks

21. 3 abstract machines
hierarchies searching device
/probe head
meshworks

22. 3 abstract machines
hierarchies searching device
/probe head
meshworks
}
≈geological world

23. 3 abstract machines
hierarchies searching device
/probe head
meshworks
}
≈geological world
≉ biological species

24. 3 abstract machines
hierarchies searching device
/probe head
meshworks
}
≈geological world
≉ biological species

25. evolution

26. evolution descent with modification

27. evolution descent with modification
any variable replicator
[no just genetic]

28. evolution descent with modification
any variable replicator + any sorting device
[no just genetic] [no just ecological
selection pressures]

29. evolution descent with modification
any variable replicator + any sorting device
[no just genetic] [no just ecological
selection pressures]

30. evolution descent with modification
any variable replicator + any sorting device
[no just genetic] [no just ecological
selection pressures]
}
≈searching device / probe head
explores a space of possible forms

31. evolution descent with modification
any variable replicator + any sorting device
[no just genetic] [no just ecological
selection pressures]
}
≈searching device / probe head
explores a space of possible forms
characteristic of life forms / but doesn’t constitute an essence of life
[language]

32. life

33. life
flow of genes
through
replication

34. life
flow of genes
through flow of biomass
replication

35. life
flow of genes
through flow of biomass
replication
individuals

36. life
flow of genes
through flow of biomass
replication
individuals
members of a
species

37. life
flow of genes
through flow of biomass
replication
individuals
members of a members of a
species reproductive
community
/particular ecosystem
// participating in
the exchange of
energy

38. //
energy

39. //
energy attractors
[own dynamic stable states]

40. //
energy attractors
[own dynamic stable states]
[static]
[cyclical]
[chaotic]
[autopoietic* self-created and autonomous]

41. //
energy attractors
[own dynamic stable states]
}
pre-
[static]
configurations of
[cyclical]
space explored
[chaotic]
by the probe
[autopoietic* self-created and autonomous]
head

42. //
energy attractors
[own dynamic stable states]
}
pre-
[static]
configurations of
[cyclical]
space explored
[chaotic]
by the probe
[autopoietic* self-created and autonomous]
head
adaptative
landscapes

43. //
energy attractors
[own dynamic stable states]
}
pre-
[static]
configurations of
[cyclical]
space explored
[chaotic]
by the probe
[autopoietic* self-created and autonomous]
head
interacting
adaptative
species
landscapes
in a ecosystem

44. //
energy attractors
[own dynamic stable states]
}
pre-
[static]
configurations of
[cyclical]
space explored
[chaotic]
by the probe
[autopoietic* self-created and autonomous]
head
interacting
adaptative
species
landscapes
in a ecosystem
conditions/
hierarchies
change in time

45. organic evolution cultural evolution
[genetic determinism] [cultural relativism]

46. organic evolution cultural evolution
[genetic determinism] [cultural relativism]
}
interactionist
approach

47. organic evolution cultural evolution
[genetic determinism] [cultural relativism]
}
interactionist
approach
/organic and cultural
change involve
replicators
/new structures arise
by retention of
variants

48. organic evolution cultural evolution
[genetic determinism] [cultural relativism]
}
interactionist
approach
/organic and cultural
change involve
replicators
/new structures arise
by retention of
variants
organic and cultural constraints are contingent historical
products

49. organic evolution cultural evolution
[genetic determinism] [cultural relativism]
}
interactionist
approach
/organic and cultural
change involve
replicators
/new structures arise
by retention of
variants
organic and cultural constraints are contingent historical
products
[different time-
scale]

50. genetic replicants cultural replicants

51. genetic replicants cultural replicants
direct interaction
[sorting device]

52. genetic replicants cultural replicants
direct interaction indirect interaction
[sorting device]

53. genetic replicants cultural replicants
direct interaction indirect interaction
[sorting device]
genetic constraints
guiding
accumulation of
cultural replicators

54. genetic replicants cultural replicants
direct interaction indirect interaction
[sorting device]
genetic constraints cultural materials
guiding influence
accumulation of accumulation of
cultural replicators genes

55. genetic replicants cultural replicants
direct interaction indirect interaction
[sorting device]
genetic constraints cultural materials
guiding influence cultural materials
accumulation of accumulation of accumulated
cultural replicators genes > institutional values
> selection pressures
for cultural
accumulation
> self-selecting

56. genetic replicants cultural replicants
direct interaction indirect interaction
[sorting device]
genetic constraints cultural materials
guiding influence cultural materials
accumulation of accumulation of accumulated
cultural replicators genes > institutional values
> selection pressures
for cultural
accumulation
> self-selecting
enhancemen
t

57. genetic replicants cultural replicants
direct interaction indirect interaction
[sorting device]
genetic constraints cultural materials
guiding influence cultural materials
accumulation of accumulation of accumulated
cultural replicators genes > institutional values
> selection pressures
for cultural
accumulation
> self-selecting
enhancemen
t
opposition

58. genetic replicants cultural replicants
direct interaction indirect interaction
[sorting device]
genetic constraints cultural materials
guiding influence cultural materials
accumulation of accumulation of accumulated
cultural replicators genes > institutional values
> selection pressures
for cultural
accumulation
> self-selecting
enhancemen neutrality
t
opposition

59. cultural
evolution
flow of memes

60. cultural
evolution
flow of genes large animals
microorganisms
flow of memes

61. cultural
evolution
flow of genes large animals
microorganisms
cultural replicators
one-to-one flow of memes
one-to-many

62. cultural
evolution
flow of genes large animals
microorganisms
cultural replicators more than one searching device:
one-to-one imitation flow of memes
enforced repetition
one-to-many
bodies> organic sustratum of
cultural replicators

64. flow of
replicators
genes, memes,
norms,
routines

65. flow of
+ flow of energy
replicators
genes, memes,
biomass
norms,
routines

78. An autopoietic machine is a machine organized (defined as a unity) as a
network of processes of production (transformation and destruction) of
components which: (i) through their interactions and transformations
continuously regenerate and realize the network of processes (relations) that
produced them; and (ii) constitute it (the machine) as a concrete unity in space
in which they (the components) exist by specifying the topological domain of
its realization as such a network.
h. maturana - f.
varela