1. Cellular respiration breaks down carbohydrates and other metabolites to produce ATP, consuming oxygen and producing carbon dioxide. It occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. 2. Glucose is broken down through glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, producing ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation. 3. The electron transport chain uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to pass electrons from higher to lower energy states, producing 32-34 molecules of ATP per glucose molecule.

1. Organelles and the Flow of Energy Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration (Part 2 of 2) AP Biology Chapters 6.4, 7, & 8

5. Cellular Respiration ADP + P ATP intermembrane space cristae CO 2 H 2 O g l u c o s e f r o m O 2 f r o m a i r O 2 and glucose enter cells, which release H 2 O and CO 2 . Mitochondria use energy from glucose to form ATP from ADP + P . Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © E. & P. Bauer/zefa/Corbis; (Bread, wine, cheese, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./John Thoeming, photographer; (Yogurt, p. 139): © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

8. Glucose Breakdown: Overview of 4 Phases Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Mitochondrion Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 AD P 2 32 ADP or 34 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net gain 2 ATP NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate Cytoplasm e – e – e – e – e – e – e – 2 ATP 4 ADP ATP ATP ATP Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

10. Glycolysis: Inputs and Outputs Glycolysis inputs outputs 2 pyruvate 2 NADH 2 ADP 4 ATP total net gain glucose 2 NAD + 4 ADP + 4 P ATP ATP 2 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display

11. Substrate-level ATP Synthesis P P P ATP enzyme ADP BPG 3PG Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

12. Glycolysis Matrix Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 ADP 2 32 or 34 2 4 ATP total net NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate e – e – e – e – e – e – e – ATP 2 ATP 32 ADP or 34 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by CoA combines with a C 4 molecule to form citrate. 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD + is reduced to NADH. 2. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD + is reduced to NADH, and CO 2 is released. 3. ATP is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP. 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH 2 . Citric acid cycle CO 2 NAD + NAD + NAD + FAD Co A acetyl CoA NADH NADH NADH FADH 2 oxaloacetate C 4 citrate C 6 ketoglutarate C5 fumarate C4 succinate C4 2 ATP 4 ADP ATP ATP ATP CO 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

13. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

16. Fermentation 2 NAD + 2 NADH ATP 2 ATP 4 ADP 2 ADP P 2 P 2 P 2 2 P glucose G3P BPG pyruvate or 2 lactate 2 alcohol 2 CO 2 (net gain) A T P ATP ATP +4 4 2 or 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

18. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

20. Products of Fermentation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

21. Products of Fermentation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

22. Products of Fermentation Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc./Bruce M. Johnson, photographer

23. Efficiency of Fermentation Fermentation inputs outputs 2 lactate or 2 alcohol and 2 CO 2 glucose 2 ADP + 2 P net gain ATP 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

25. Preparatory Reaction 2 NAD + 2 NADH 2 2 + 2 CoA + 2 CO 2 2 pyruvate O OH C CH 3 + 2 CoA CoA CH 3 pyruvate carbon dioxide acetyl CoA C O C O 2 acetyl CoA + 2 carbon dioxide Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

26. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

27. Mitochondrion: Structure & Function Matrix: location of the prep reaction and the citric acid cycle Cristae: location of the electron transport chain (ETC) cristae intermembrane space inner membrane matrix outer membrane 45,000 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © Dr. Donald Fawcett and Dr. Porter/Visuals Unlimited

29. The Citric Acid Cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1. The cycle begins when an acetyl group carried by CoA combines with a C 4 molecule to form citrate. 5. Once again a substrate is oxidized, and NAD + is reduced to NADH. 4. Again a substrate is oxidized, but this time FAD is reduced to FADH 2 . 3. ATP is produced as an energized phosphate is transferred from a substrate to ADP. 2. Twice over, substrates are oxidized as NAD + is reduced to NADH, and CO 2 is released. acetyl CoA NADH oxaloacetate C 4 NAD + fumarate C 4 FADH 2 ATP CO 2 FAD succinate C 4 NAD + NADH Citric acid cycle ketoglutarate C 5 CO 2 NADH NAD + citrate C 6 CoA 4 ADP 2 4 ATP total net ATP 2 ATP 2 ADP 2 ADP 2 32 or 34 ATP ATP 32 ADP or 34 Preparatory reaction Glycolysis glucose pyruvate Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle NADH and FADH2 NADH NADH

30. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

31. Citric Acid Cycle: Balance Sheet inputs outputs 4 CO 2 6 NADH 2 FADH 2 2 acetyl groups 6 NAD + 2 FAD 2 ADP + 2 P ATP 2 Citric acid cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

34. Electron Transport Chain Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 32 or ADP 34 32 or 34 4 ADP 2 4 ADP total net NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate ADP e – e– e – 2e - e - 2 ATP H 2 O cytochrome oxidase cytochrome c coenzyme Q NAD + + 2H + NADH +H + 2 H + ATP P FAD + 2H + FADH 2 cytochrome reductase NADH-Q reductase ADP + P ADP + P made by chemiosmosis made by chemiosmosis made by chemiosmosis e– e– e– e– 2 ATP 2 ADP ADP ADP e - 2e - 2e - ATP 2e - ATP 2e - 1 / 2 O 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

35. Organization of Cristae 2 ADP + ATP channel protein ATP synthase complex Chemiosmosis Intermembrane space Matrix 2 FADH 2 H 2 O FAD + NAD + P H + NADH NADH-Q reductase cytochrome reductase cytochrome oxidase cytochrome c coenzyme Q Electron transport chain Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis Citric acid cycle Preparatory reaction 2 ADP 2 32 or ADP 34 32 or34 2 4 ATP total net NADH NADH and FADH 2 Glycolysis NADH glucose pyruvate ATP e – e – e – e – – 2 ATP 2 ADP e – e – 4 ADP ATP ATP H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + H + 1 / 2 O 2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

36. Animation Please note that due to differing operating systems, some animations will not appear until the presentation is viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide Show view). You may see blank slides in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views. All animations will appear after viewing in Presentation Mode and playing each animation. Most animations will require the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

38. Overall Energy Yielded per Glucose Molecule Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Electron transport chain 2 net 2 glucose 2 pyruvate 2 acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle subtotal subtotal glycolysis 2 CO 2 4 CO 2 NADH NADH NADH FADH 2 2 2 6 2 4 or 6 6 18 4 32 4 36 or 38 total 6 O 2 6 H 2 O ATPP ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP A T P ATP ATP or 34 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

40. The Metabolic Pool Concept ATP ATP Electron transport chain proteins carbohydrates fats amino acids glucose fatty acids glycerol acetyl CoA Glycolysis pyruvate ATP Citric acid cycle Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. © C Squared Studios/Getty Images.

44. Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration membranes enzymes grana cristae Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration H 2 O O 2 H 2 O O 2 ADP ATP NAD + NADH CO 2 CH 2 O NADPH NADP + CO 2 CH 2 O Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.