Animal Cell Structure and Function
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1) Animal cells contain organelles that allow the cell to carry out essential life functions. These organelles include the nucleus, which houses the cell's genetic material, mitochondria, which produce energy for the cell, and the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi bodies, which transport materials within the cell. 2) The cell membrane forms the outer boundary of the cell and regulates what enters and exits the cell. Inside the cell, the cytoplasm contains organelles and provides structure for the cell. 3) Organelles such as lysosomes digest materials for the cell, vacuoles store and transport waste, and ribosomes produce proteins using instructions from the DNA in the nucleus. Together, these organelles allow animal
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Animal Cell Structure and Function
- 1. Animal Cell Structure and Function Names: Rodriguez Yaritza Level: XIIº H González José Luis
- 2. Cell Theory • All living things are made up of cells. • Cells are the smallest working units of all living things. • All cells come from preexisting cells through cell division.
- 3. Definition of Cell A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.
- 4. Examples of Cells Amoeba Proteus Bacteria Nerve Cell Red Blood Cell
- 6. Two Types of Animal Cells •Prokaryotic •Eukaryotic
- 7. Prokaryotic • Do not have structures surrounded by membranes • Few internal structures • One-celled organisms, Bacteria
- 8. Prokaryotic Cells • Prokaryotic cells include the bacteria and archaea. • Bacterial cells have these constant features: • Outer Boundary: Cell wall • Plasma membrane • Cytoplasm: Ribosomes • Thylakoids (Cyanobacteria) • Innumerable enzymes • Nucleoid: Chromosome (DNA only) 3-8
- 9. 3-9 • Bacterial cells may have plasmids, small accessory rings of DNA. • Some bacteria have a capsule or a slime layer. • Most bacteria have flagella. • Some also have fimbriae that help cells attach to surfaces. • Bacteria have a great metabolic diversity.
- 10. Eukaryotic • Contain organelles surrounded by membranes • Most living organisms Animal
- 11. Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell • According to the endosymbiotic hypothesis, eukaryotes arose from a symbiotic relationship between various prokaryotes. - Heterotrophic bacteria became mitochondria. - Cyanobacteria became chloroplasts. - Host cell was a large eukaryotic cell. 3-11
- 12. Animal cell anatomy 3-12
- 15. Cell Membrane • Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the cell • Double layer
- 16. Inside the Cell
- 17. Nucleus • Repository for genetic material • Directs activities of the cell • Usually single, some cells several, RBC none • Nucleolus - region of intensive ribosomal RNA synthesis • Surface of nucleus bound by two phospholipid bilayer membranes • nuclear membrane • Nuclear pores – protein gatekeepers • Usually proteins going in and RNA going out
- 18. Nucleus
- 20. Nuclear Membrane • Surrounds nucleus • Made of two layers • Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus
- 21. Chromosomes • In nucleus • Made of DNA • Contain instructions for traits & characteristics • DNA of eukaryotes is divided into linear chromosomes. • exist as strands of chromatin, except during cell division • associated with packaging histones, packaging proteins • nucleosomes
- 22. Nucleolus • Inside nucleus • Contains RNA to build proteins
- 23. Cytoplasm • Gel-like mixture • Surrounded by cell membrane • Contains hereditary material
- 24. Endoplasmic Reticulum • Moves materials around in cell • Smooth type: lacks ribosomes • Rough type (pictured): ribosomes embedded in surface
- 25. Endoplasmic reticulum • Largest internal membrane • Composed of Lipid bilayer • Serves as system of channels from the nucleus • Functions in storage and secretion • Rough ER is “rough” because of associated ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis • Smooth ER - lack associated ribosomes – contained embedded enzymes, catalyze synthesis of carbohydrate and lipid molecules
- 26. Ribosomes • Each cell contains thousands • Make proteins • Found on ribosomes & floating throughout the cell
- 28. Golgi Bodies • Protein 'packaging plant' • Move materials within the cell • Move materials out of the cell
- 29. Mitochondria • Produces energy through chemical reactions – breaking down fats & carbohydrates • Controls level of water and other materials in cell • Recycles and decomposes proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
- 30. Mitochondria are needed for aerobic respiration which produces energy. The more active a cell, the more mitochondria are present.
- 31. Lysosome • Digestive 'plant' for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates • Transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal • Cell breaks down if lysosome explodes
- 32. Vacuoles • Membrane-bound sacs for storage, digestion, and waste removal • Contains water solution • Help plants maintain shape
Notas del editor
- Evidence for the endosymbiotic hypothesis is the following: Mitochondria and chloroplasts are similar to bacteria in both size and structure. Both organelles are bounded by a double membrane – the outer membrane may represent the engulfing vesicle, and the inner membrane from the prokaryote. Mitochondria and chloroplasts each contain a limited amount of genetic material and divide by splitting. The DNA is a circular loop like that of prokaryotes. Most proteins of mitochondria and chloroplasts are now produced by the host cell, but these organelles do have their own ribosomes and do produce some proteins. Their ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes. The RNA base sequence of the ribosomes in chloroplasts and mitochondria suggests a prokaryotic origin.