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Contracts are a part of our everyday life, arising in collaboration, trust, promise and credit.
How are contracts formed? What makes a contract enforceable? What happens when one party breaks a promise?
The document summarizes key aspects of Indian contract law, including definitions of a contract, essential elements of a valid contract, consent and its types, indemnity and guarantee contracts, discharge of a contract, remedies for breach of contract, and agency relationships. It provides case studies on offer and acceptance, mental incapacity, and types of discharge. In 3 sentences: The document outlines the fundamental principles of contract law in India, examines essential elements of a valid contract and how contracts are formed, and explores various types of contracts including indemnity, guarantee, and agency as well as discharge of contracts and remedies for breach.
This document discusses parties to a suit under Order I of the Code of Civil Procedure. It defines plaintiffs and defendants as the two parties to a suit. There can be multiple plaintiffs or defendants, requiring questions around the joinder of parties. A party may be a necessary party, without whom no order can be made, or a proper party whose presence is not mandatory but allows for complete resolution of the case. The rules around joinder of plaintiffs under Order I Rule 1 and defendants under Order I Rule 3 are described, including when multiple parties can be joined in a suit. The differences between necessary and proper parties are also outlined.
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Violence and verbal abuse among students is a prevalent problem in schools. Bullying takes many forms, including physical and verbal abuse, and can be caused by students seeking attention, power, or an increase in self-confidence through putting others down. Bullying harms both the victims and bullies through the negative behaviors involved and associated consequences. Effective solutions require understanding the root causes driving the bully's actions.
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Contracts are a part of our everyday life, arising in collaboration, trust, promise and credit.
How are contracts formed? What makes a contract enforceable? What happens when one party breaks a promise?
The document summarizes key aspects of Indian contract law, including definitions of a contract, essential elements of a valid contract, consent and its types, indemnity and guarantee contracts, discharge of a contract, remedies for breach of contract, and agency relationships. It provides case studies on offer and acceptance, mental incapacity, and types of discharge. In 3 sentences: The document outlines the fundamental principles of contract law in India, examines essential elements of a valid contract and how contracts are formed, and explores various types of contracts including indemnity, guarantee, and agency as well as discharge of contracts and remedies for breach.
This document discusses parties to a suit under Order I of the Code of Civil Procedure. It defines plaintiffs and defendants as the two parties to a suit. There can be multiple plaintiffs or defendants, requiring questions around the joinder of parties. A party may be a necessary party, without whom no order can be made, or a proper party whose presence is not mandatory but allows for complete resolution of the case. The rules around joinder of plaintiffs under Order I Rule 1 and defendants under Order I Rule 3 are described, including when multiple parties can be joined in a suit. The differences between necessary and proper parties are also outlined.
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Violence and verbal abuse among students is a prevalent problem in schools. Bullying takes many forms, including physical and verbal abuse, and can be caused by students seeking attention, power, or an increase in self-confidence through putting others down. Bullying harms both the victims and bullies through the negative behaviors involved and associated consequences. Effective solutions require understanding the root causes driving the bully's actions.
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The document discusses different perspectives on the concept of luck. It argues that luck favors those who are prepared to seize opportunities rather than those who passively depend on luck. While some events may involve factors outside one's control, one can make their own luck through hard work, taking advantage of opportunities, and being prepared to capitalize on chance events through prior preparation. The document provides examples of people who were perceived as lucky but were likely successful because they had positioned themselves to benefit from fortunate circumstances through their own efforts and skills.
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Social disorganization theory proposes that communities with high rates of poverty, residential instability, and ethnic heterogeneity have weaker social controls, leading to higher crime rates. The theory was developed in the 1920s by the Chicago School to explain differences in crime rates between neighborhoods in Chicago. It focuses on how lack of cohesion and shared values in disadvantaged communities makes it difficult to control criminal behavior. More recent research has refined the theory by highlighting the importance of social ties and informal social control within neighborhoods.
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The Bhagavad Gita tells the story of Arjuna, a warrior who doubts fighting his family in an upcoming battle for the throne. As his chariot driver, Krishna counsels Arjuna about his duty to fight and reveals himself as a god. Krishna explains concepts like karma, dharma, and different spiritual paths like discipline and devotion. He convinces Arjuna that fulfilling one's duties without attachment to rewards is the path to liberation from the cycle of rebirth.
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The document conducts a critical appraisal of the research article "Promoting the health of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; patients and their carer's views" by Caress et al. (2010) by analyzing its strengths and weaknesses based on a set of criteria. The appraisal focuses on the views and experiences of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their caregivers regarding the causes and management of the disease. The format of the appraisal involves a thorough examination of the research article according to the specified criteria in Appendix 1.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The document discusses different perspectives on the concept of luck. It argues that luck favors those who are prepared to seize opportunities rather than those who passively depend on luck. While some events may involve factors outside one's control, one can make their own luck through hard work, taking advantage of opportunities, and being prepared to capitalize on chance events through prior preparation. The document provides examples of people who were perceived as lucky but were likely successful because they had positioned themselves to benefit from fortunate circumstances through their own efforts and skills.
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Social disorganization theory proposes that communities with high rates of poverty, residential instability, and ethnic heterogeneity have weaker social controls, leading to higher crime rates. The theory was developed in the 1920s by the Chicago School to explain differences in crime rates between neighborhoods in Chicago. It focuses on how lack of cohesion and shared values in disadvantaged communities makes it difficult to control criminal behavior. More recent research has refined the theory by highlighting the importance of social ties and informal social control within neighborhoods.
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The Bhagavad Gita tells the story of Arjuna, a warrior who doubts fighting his family in an upcoming battle for the throne. As his chariot driver, Krishna counsels Arjuna about his duty to fight and reveals himself as a god. Krishna explains concepts like karma, dharma, and different spiritual paths like discipline and devotion. He convinces Arjuna that fulfilling one's duties without attachment to rewards is the path to liberation from the cycle of rebirth.
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The document conducts a critical appraisal of the research article "Promoting the health of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; patients and their carer's views" by Caress et al. (2010) by analyzing its strengths and weaknesses based on a set of criteria. The appraisal focuses on the views and experiences of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and their caregivers regarding the causes and management of the disease. The format of the appraisal involves a thorough examination of the research article according to the specified criteria in Appendix 1.
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
1. Case Study : Business Law I Essay
Eider I. Espinosa
ACCT 261 – Business Law I
Prof R. Stein
Fact Pattern 1
In the case of Anthony, a New Jersey resident and owner of a waste disposal company in the state
of New Jersey, and his two business associates, Paul and Silvio, whom suffered severe injuries due
to a motor vehicle accident caused by a negligent truck driver; they have great standing to sue
against the neglectful driver and the company associated with the ownership of the vehicle.
Regardless of the diversity of their residency/ citizenship, the affected party can proceed to sue the
corporation responsible for the damages caused by their staff and property; reason being that they are
protected under the Constitution's diversity of citizenship, and the privileges and immunities clause.
Furthermore, these two constitutional clauses in addition to the commerce clause, dictate the court
that the matter needs to be brought to.
The diversity of citizenship clause stipulates that matters that involves two or more parties of
varying citizenship, such as state of residency or country of origin, and who's legal dispute is greater
than seventy–five thousand dollars, will be protected and served by the United States law under the
jurisdiction of the federal court. The privileges and immunities clause prohibits states from
discriminating against one another's citizens, they are not to be unprivileged from any legal
protection, access to courts, or travel and property rights. Lastly the commerce clause permits
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2. Unit 2 Business Law Essay
1) American Law Reporter is exclusive to Westlaw. 2) Westlaw uses a system called the Key
Number System which breaks down hundreds of broad legal topics into increasingly detailed
information on tens of thousands of specific legal concepts. 3)KeyCite, a citation checking service,
which allows to determine whether cases or statutes are still good law. 4) Customizable tabbed
interface that lets customers bring their most–used resources to the top.
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3. Business Law
HUTECH & OUM
MBAOUM0512 INTAKE : MAY 2012– OCTOBER SEMESTER 2012
STUDENT NAME: CHU THI HONG TUYEN ID No.: 2448481
BMLW5103 – BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT
Question 1
Discuss the enforceability of an agreement which lacks consideration. Using legal authorities
(relevant statutes and cases) to support your discussion. Answer: A valid contract is an agreement
made between two or more parties that creates rights and obligations that are enforced by law. What
does the consideration mean? And what does it effect to the agreement? Consideration is something
of value exchanged for the promise. It is something given by a promisee in return for something
given by the promisor. According section 2(d), Contract Act provides "when at the desire of the
...show more content...
This is the exception provided in Section 26(b), contract Act 1950. The rule provides that an
agreement without consideration is valid if " it is a promise to compensate, wholly or in part, a
person who has already voluntarily done something for the promisor, or something which the
promisor was legally compellable to do". Ex: Ms.Ann is the neighbor of Mr. Clive and Ms.Ann
support Mr.Clive to take care his son during he has having a meeting. Mr.Clive promise to pay
Ms.Ann for this work.This is a contract and Ms.Ann can enforce Mr.Clive's promise. 3. Agreement
to pay a statue– barred debt. This is another exception provide in section 26(c), Contract Act 1950.
The rule provides that an agreement without consideration is valid if " it is a promise, made in
writing and signed by the person to be charged therewith, or by his agent generally or specially
authorized in that behalf, to pay wholly or in part a debt of which the creditor might have enforced
payment but for the law for the limitation of suits. Means the debtor makes a fresh promise to pay
the statute–barred debt and the promise is made in writing and signed by the person to be charged or
his authorized agent. Ex:The Imperial group owes GTDV Company a debt is 130,000 USD for
scope of work of so many contract. But the debt is barred by limitation. GTDV made summarize
of debt and The Imperial representative signed a written promise to pay GTDV 100,000 USD. This
promise is fresh and valid. This is a
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4. 1. Give an example of a case that would fall under diversity jurisdiction. Explain all of the key
elements of such a case. A federal court's power to hear any case where the amount in controversy
exceeds $75,000 and no plaintiff shares a state of citizenship with any defendant. See 28 U.S.C. В§
1332(a). Diversity jurisdiction is one of the two main types of subject–matter jurisdiction in federal
court. Definition from Nolo's Plain–English Law Dictionary The power of the federal courts to
decide civil disputes between citizens of different states, provided the amount the plaintiff seeks in
damages exceeds an amount set by Congress (currently $75,000). The so–called citizens may include
companies incorporated or doing business in different...show more content...
At some stages, some appeals courts may hear oral arguments from the attorneys or even a
hearing with witnesses, but most of it is on paper. Each appeals court can refuse the appeal, send
it back for retrial for verdict or sentence only, or back to the lower appeals court for rehearing. But
once it's into appeal, the State can also appeal the appeals court rulings before anything else
happens, and that makes it different from the trial where the State can't appeal a not guilty verdict.
4. Explain the process that takes place in the pleadings portion of the trial. Pleading Stage * Filing a
Complaint – In civil proceedings the complaint is the official engagement of the plaintiff with the
defense regarding the proposed "injustice" caused by the defense. This is a formal document
submitted by the plaintiff to the court having jurisdiction over the complaint. * Summons –
Notification by the court in which the complaint is filed as an action being brought against the
defense. Service of the summons typically requires a response from the defense within a 30–day
period. No response from the defense can trigger a default judgment for the plaintiff. * Motions to
Dismiss – These are the defense's response or answers to the plaintiffs complaint. The responses are
typically filed as motions and are intended to dismiss the claims expressed in the complaint. *
Motion for Judgment – Following the defendants response to
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5. Business Law Essay
Business Law I.Explain with cases the essentials of a valid contract. Introduction Contract, in the
simplest definition, a promise enforceable by law. The promise may be to do something or to
refrain from doing something. The making of a contract requires the mutual assent of two or more
persons, one of them ordinarily making an offer and another accepting. If one of the parties fails to
keep the promise, the other is entitled to legal recourse. The law of contracts considers such
questions as whether a contract exists, what the meaning of it is, whether a contract has been broken,
and what compensation is due the injured party. The Essentials of a Valid Contract The essential
elements of the formation of a...show more content...
Offer: A proposal to enter into certain arrangements, usually accompanied by an expected
acceptance. For example, an offer to purchase a house for $50,000. It is a proposition to do a
thing. An offer ought to contain a right, if accepted; compelling the fulfillment of the contract and
this right when not expressed is always implied. By virtue of his natural liberty, a man may
change his will at any time, if it is not to the injury of another; he may, therefore, revoke or recall
his offers, at any time before they have been accepted; and in order to deprive him of this right
the offer must have been accepted on the terms in which it was made. Any qualification of, or
departure from those terms, invalidates the offer unless the same be agreed to by the party who
made it. When the offer has been made, the party is presumed to be willing to enter into the
contract for the time limited, and if the time be not fixed by the offer, then until it be expressly
revoked or rendered nugatory by a contrary presumption. Suppose Bob puts up an ad in a Real
Estate Magazine implying that he would like to sell his house for $28,500.00. Dole on the other
hand offered to buy the house within one week for $27,000.00. Bob declined from Doles offer.
Though Dole made a valid offer. An offer must be distinguished from an invitation to treat. For
example, a Ralph Lauren sport shirt is displayed in a department store with a
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6. Business Law: Case Study Questions And Answers
6/2/16 – a meeting was held with Shane, in the presence of his Union Representative, Tom Brice, to
discuss the allegation that he violated DOT&PF's Unauthorized Expenditures/Purchases P&P
#10.01.022, when he purchased meals while traveling for work on May 16 – 17, 2016.
During the meeting Shane affirmed he occasionally travels for work. He stated that when he
travels, sometimes things are included and sometimes not. And he couldn't confirm with certainty
he had always paid for meals at his expense, as he stated he guesses he has always paid for meals.
He mentioned that one time he stayed at a bed and breakfast, were meals were provided. Although
for the latter, he couldn't remember what meals were included, and stated that he was working most
of the time.
Shane has a State credit card and he didn't recall the documents he signed when the card was assigned
to him back in 2011. He also stated not being familiar with the Unauthorized Expenditures/Purchases
P&P. When asked what he thought the policy says, he stated "shouldn't use state credit card for
unauthorized purchases". We then asked what he thought were considered...show more content...
In addition, is concerning the fact that Shane didn't demonstrate responsibility or remorse for his
actions when his reaction to Matt's questioning was to become mad; and that there was no sense of
wrongdoing. During the pre–determination meeting Shane stated he didn't recall the conversation
with Haynes in which he told Haynes he didn't have to use his personal credit card. In his written
statement, Haynes indicated that Shane specifically told him he didn't have to use his personal
credit card, that he could use the State's credit card. Three members of the crew confirm this
conversation
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7. The Business Law Short Essay
MLC101 Business Law Short Essay
Yu Peng
YUPC1501
Word Count:1107
Introduction
Treasury Legislation Amendment (Small Business and Unfair Contract Terms) Act 2015 ()will
affect from 12 November 2016. it has changed some sections to the Australian consumer law. Last
version of this law only applicable to the individual consumer, Act 2015 extend the scope to the
small business that employs fewer than 20 persons. This thesis will discuss the following questions;
пЃµWhat is an unfair term under the new law and when will it apply?
пЃµWhat is the legal effect if a court decides a contract term is unfair?
пЃµExplain the doctrine of freedom of contract and how the unfair contract terms provisions conflict
with the doctrine.
пЃµExplain the relationship between legislation and common law and which prevails.
At last will conclude the essay with each point.
Unfair term
The government amended the consumer law to cover the small business that employs no more than
20 persons. An Act to amend legislation to extend unfair contract protections to small business
contracts.From 12 November 2016, the Act 2015 will affected to the standard form small business
contracts. All kinds of unfair terms will be void in standard form of contract of small business.
The law now effect unfair terms in small business.
The new meaning of unfair term is:
пЃ¬The contract is made for a supplier of goods and services, or sale or grant the interest of land
rights;
пЃ¬When signing the contract , at
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8. Business Law Essay
Business Law "The doctrine laid down in Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 has
to be watched very carefully. It has often been supposed to cast a veil on the personality of a
limited company through which the courts cannot see. But that is not true. The courts can, and often
do, draw aside the veil. They can, and often do, pull off the mark. They look to see what really lies
behind" – Lord Denning in Littlewoods Mail Order Stores v Inland revenue Commissioners [1969]
3 All ER 422. Introduction "Law is order, and good law is good order" – Aristotle 343 BC
Incorporation is the act of a business achieving a separate corporate personality from that of its
owners. When a company is a separate legal identity to its owners it is...show more content...
(Marsh, Soulsby, 2002, P.232) The principles found in the Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd
[1897] AC 22 are similar to the Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd [1961] AC 12 case. This shows the
effects that the doctrine has had on future cases since 1897. Lee formed a company for the
purpose of aerial crop spraying of which he was both the controlling shareholder and governing
director. After Lee died in 1956 during work, his widow was entitled to compensation. This was
due to the fact that the company had been incorporated, therefore Lee was a separate legal entity
to that of his company. The company's corporate personality meant that Lee was classed as an
employee, as well as his other roles. (Rush, Otley, 2006, P.199) The case of Salomon v Salomon
& Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 has had an effect on a large number of cases since 1897, helping
owners avoid costs by gaining a corporate personality for their business, thus distancing themselves
from any debts and problems that may arise. Littlewoods Mail Order Stores v Inland revenue
Commissioners [1969] 3 All ER 422 Lord Denning states, "The courts can, and often do, draw aside
the veil." The 'corporate veil' refers to the separation of legal identity between parent firms and their
subsidiaries. Fearing that such liability protection would facilitate illicit activity, early twentieth
century courts would sometimes 'pierce' the corporate veil. (Tweedale,
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9. Business Law
THE LAW OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS
CHAPTER 4 – Piercing the Corporate Veil
Minne B Berkey v Third Avenue Railway Company
Overview:
This is a New York Court of Appeals decision in 1926 adjudicated by the legendary Justice Cardozo.
In this seminal case on 'piercing the corporate veil', the Court of Appeals finds in favor of the
Defendant, Third Avenue Railway Company. The Court holds that Third Avenue, the parent
company of Forty–second Street Company, which operated a rail line upon which the Plaintiff was
injured, was not liable for the torts of the subsidiary. Even though the defendant owned all the stock
of the subsidiary and controlled its Board of Directors, the degree of domination over the subsidiary
was not considered...show more content...
The trial court affirmed the Appellate Division's refusal to pierce the corporate veil finding that
Westerlea and Defendant acted as two separate corporations at all times.
Issue:
Can a business be incorporated for the very purpose of escaping personal liability?
Held:
The Appellate and trial court decisions were affirmed and the Court found for the Defendant. The
Court held that 'piercing the corporate veil' is invoked to 'prevent fraud or to achieve equity'. In this
case the Court found no evidence of fraud, misrepresentation nor illegality. Although the defendant
controlled Westerlea's affairs, Westerlea maintained an outward appearance of aDseparate corporate
identity at all times. Further, the creditors were not misled, there was no fraud, and Defendant
performed no act to cause injury to the creditors of Westerlea by depletion of assets or otherwise.
Discussion:
The dissent argued that the corporate veil should be pierced in this case. 
The argument was that
Westerlea was organized solely to benefit Defendant, not to operate as a separate entity. Westerlea did
not have a separate corporate identity because it was Defendant's wholly owned subsidiary that had
the same directors and management as Defendant. Westerlea was undercapitalized because
Defendant provided Westerlea with small capital and Westerlea maintained insufficient funds to
cover the cost of building the homes. Westerlea's purpose
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10. Business Law Questions and Answers
QUESTION 1. Issues of this case: Could the offer acceptence by e–mail be capable of creating
contractual relationships? Was there a breach of cotract? The matter of the case is regulated by
Contract Law. Contractual nature A contract can be difened as "an agreement containing
promises made between two or more parties with the intention of creating certain legal rights and
obligations and enfoufceable in a court of law". (Andy & Douglas, 2013, p.307). Though every
contract involves an agreement, not every agreement is legally forceable and will result in
contract. It is necessary to find out weather the agreement between parties was inteded to be
regarded by the law as valid and enfoceable (a contract) or just an agreement and not enforceable.
Definition also says that angreement first of all is a promise or commitment that something will or
not will happen in the fututre. However, to be a contract a promise must have a cantractual nature
and therefore a promosor must have legal liability. In the given case David (offeree) accepts offer
via e–mail which was not legally recorded or officially sealed unless Charlie (offeror) and David
had agreed to communicate electronically. Thus, may only be (hypothetically) a simple contract. A
simle contract must contain 3 constituents: 1.There must be an agreement between parties. In other
words, there must be a offer and acceptance. Charlie offers to sell his car to David, so it can be an
offer. David decides to buy Charlie`s car and
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11. Business Law and Ethics Essay
Business Law and ethics
Subject:
The objective of this report is to highlight the importance and need of ethics, ethical leadership and
organisation behaviour. The report is based on the speech of Michael Hackworth.
Leadership in fairness and honesty makes good business sense.
Organisation behaviours, culture, values, management style and ethics, all of them make a
combination on which company success and failure depends. Every company in the world start by
stating the mission, objectives, values, belief and structure. Every part of it influences each other. It
is very difficult to maintain balance between them.
Michael Hackworth express that top management some time ignore the ethics and ethical boundaries
which...show more content...
Normally companies and businessman's need a good quality business plan with good business
strategies in order to cope this starving market, also with ethics in order to be flourishing in this fast
growing world.
Are profits too high and exploiting the customer?
Now a day, every company is trying its level best to maximize its profit either by hook or crook.
And in reality it is the main agenda and goal of every company to maximize its profit. Otherwise,
there is no mean of doing any business. But the thing is either company are making and maximizing
their profits by adding value to its customers. Whatever they invest into the particular product, are
customer is getting the same value of their investments. But if we look around our surroundings then
those companies either it is industrialist, businessman and entrepreneur all are trying their level best
to maximize their profit and increase their wealth by exploiting their customers. However, consumer
of the product normally looking for extra and most excellent services in order to get better their own
working effectiveness by minimizing costs, decreasing capital investment and predetermined
spending. Exploitation of consumer from vendors is look like a never ending difficulty. There are
lots of ways to exploit a customer. Sometimes wholesalers and retailers charge a higher price then
mentioned price on the product. They give to their lesser quantity then
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14. Business Law Essay
In the case in the text where someone purchased a used safe at an auction for $50, but was later
found by the buyers to contain more than $30,000 in cash, how did the court rule? a. There was no
contract because the buyer was unjustly enriched. b. There was no contract because the act of
opening the safe was not completed before the buyers took the safe. c. This was an implied–in–fact
contract and the buyers were required to pay the fair value for the safe and its contents. d. There
was objective intent that the parties intended that the safe, and whatever might be in it, be sold for
a price of $50. D [moderate p. 196] 56. The doctrine that applies when one person confers a benefit
on another who retains the benefit in a...show more content...
B [moderate p. 194] 65. Frank says to Mary, "If you wash every window in my house today, I'll pay
you $200. I don't care if you do it, but there is $200 in it for you if you do." Mary washes 12 of the
20 windows in Frank's house by 2:00 p.m. At this point: a. Frank can revoke his offer to pay Mary
the $200 for washing the windows. 129 b. Mary is obligated to finish washing the windows. c.
Mary has formed a contract by beginning to wash the windows. d. There is no contract yet in this
situation. D [difficult pp. 194–195] 66. Janet pulls her car into a line for a car wash. Janet says
nothing and her car is washed by the employees there. Janet then refuses to pay for the car wash,
stating that there is no contract. What would the results be in a lawsuit over this situation? a. Janet
wins; because she said nothing, there can be no contract. b. Car wash wins; this is an express,
unilateral contract that has been accepted. c. Janet wins; because the car wash made no promise to
wash her car, there is no contract. d. Car wash wins; this is an implied–in–fact contract that has been
accepted. D [moderate p. 195] 67. Lori just purchased a brand new lawnmower for $500. When
she got home and tried to use it, it would not work. She became angry and shouted, "I'd sell this
thing for $50." Her neighbor heard her and said, "I'll take it," and offered Lori the $50 in cash.
Which of the following best describes this situation? a. This is an enforceable bilateral
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15. Business Law Essay
Marina Trohin Business Law William A. Shelby 2/13/2013Introduction At the course of Business
Law, we got the knowledge about the contract. In addition we have an assignment that provides a
contract analysis. This evaluation of the contract will be reviewed in accordance with the following
requirements: 1. What specifically makes this contract enforceable? 2. What are the responsibilities
of both parties? 3. What are the possible damages and liabilities? 4. What impact does a potential
breach of contract have on the business? 5. Summarize, by reflecting in...show more content...
And it is, because this agreement refers just to providing of services and not illegal things. * The
last element that should make enforceable this contract is that both parties should be mentally
competent. In special this contract, has all this requirements but it is still unenforceable because it
doesn't have so little elements that also make a contract enforceable. These are: the commencement
date of the contract, party's rights written in and not only the responsibilities, and party's signatures
and stamps. 2. What are the responsibilities of both parties? The important responsibilities of the
contractor (therein as Pro DX) are: * To provide system design and programming services,
including COBOL II, Easytrieve Plus, CICS, CA Intertest and VSAM and DB2 file structures, and
make corrections approved by DHS Project Manager. * To construct or modify and implement
programs/ files that will control the processing of rates on the JD/CBC system, based on DHS
supplied Project Design document and criteria. * To perform design changes, programming,
acceptance testing or implementation to address unforeseen error(s), newly discovered bugs and/or
interfacing issues. * To demonstrate successful implementation of the production system content
with the requirements of Statement of Work to DHS Project Manager. * All these services should
be provided in specific limit of time and cost.
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16. Common Law Vs Civil Law Essay
Differences between Common Law
And Civil Law
This paper is aimed analysing the differences between common law and civil law in the UK and
other European countries. It will also explore the theory behind the development of these laws and
the segments of society that they cater to.
Collin put forth a viewpoint that the increased collision between public law and contractual
practices has led to a disintegration of the former, resulting in the need to revise the private so that it
is in tandem with the public and welfare legislation (Collins, 1999, Regulating Contracts). However,
private laws and public regulation are governed by doctrines that are very different in their basic
nature and whom they are meant to protect....show more content...
It was focused on protecting people from those who abused governmental power. However, both
forms of laws are mutually acceptable and used in society.
Countries around the globe place varied levels of importance to Common Law and Civil Law. In
Europe, England, Ireland and Wales follow the Common Law as jurisdiction although it is more
codified here than it is traditionally. Other countries that are Common Law jurisdictions include the
United States of America, Canada, Australia, India, Malaysia, Jamaica and South Africa. The
Common Law here is based on rules created by judges during prominent cases. Conversely,
European countries such as Germany and France follow Civil Law jurisdiction, wherein the law as a
code is given much more importance than judge–made rules (Jon and Michael, 2006, Business Law).
The most striking difference between Common Law and Civil Law can be noted on how each
draws decisions to serve justice. Common Law operates on a more 'case to case' basis,
approaching each case separately. The principles governing the law are generally arrived at after
learning for every individual case. A judge would rely on historical records of similar cases,
analyzes current case fact and arrives at conclusions without following any set dogmatic conceptual
construct. On the other hand, Civil Law relies mainly on a set of codes and abstract rules against
which the particulars of a case are checked. It is on the
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17. Business Law
Table of ContentsIntroduction2 (3.1) Contrast liability in torts with contractual liability3 (3.2)
Explain the nature of liability in negligence & (3.3) Explain how a business can be
vicariously liable4 (4.1) Apply the elements of the tort of negligence and defences in the above
different business situations for the legal officer who is assigned to VJSC & (4.2) Apply the
elements of vicarious liability in above different business situations for the legal officer who is
assigned to VJSC8 Conclusion11 References12 Introduction Law plays important roles to protect
benefits, obligations and bringing fair for everybody in society. This report gives information about
tortuous liability, contractual liability,...show more content...
– Cannot measure clearly the damages.– Difficult to determine exactly compensation rate so the
compensation will be based on the actual extent of damage occurred.| – A violation of the contents
which parties signed in the contract.– Parties have a close relationship because they have time for
agreements and sign the contract together. – If the breach of contract occurs that the person violated
have a contractual liability to the other party of the contract.– The damages can be quantitative
because they are regulated in the contract.– The compensation under the liquidated damage that
means compensation which determined based on the formula and stipulations that the parties
have agreed in the contract.| (3.2) Explain the nature of liability in negligence & (3.3)
Explain how a business can be vicariously liable A human who lives in society must follow the
provisions of law is having a duty of care by respecting and protecting the rights and benefit legal
of others. Negligence is behaviour which infringes on the rights and legal interests of others.
However, these behaviours are not deliberate actions by an individual or entity who did not perform
well their reasonable care which bring the consequences of monetary damages or personal injury. To
sue a person who violating behaviour of negligence, the
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18. Business Law Essay
Victoria Brock Professor Martin S. Varon BLAW 2200
– Section 6 21 October 2014 To find your
answers www.gabar.org/barrules/ethicsandprofessionalism/index.cfm1– What types of rules are the
Georgia Rules of Professional conduct? Rules of reason 2– Should a lawyer abide by the client's
decisions in all matters of representation? Yes, a lawyer shall abide by the clients decisions in all
matters. 3– What client information should a lawyer keep confidential and what is the maximum
penalty for violating this rule? All information gained in the professional relationship with a client,
including requested information with a client, unless given consent by the client with exclusion to
disclosures that are authorized or required by these...show more content...
The maximum penalty for a violation of this Rule is disbarment. 7– Can a lawyer act as both
advocate and witness in the same trial? A lawyer shall not act as advocate at a trial in which the
lawyer is likely to be a necessary witness except where the testimony relates to an uncontested issue,
the testimony relates to the nature and value of legal services rendered in the case, or
disqualification of the lawyer would work substantial hardship on the client. 8– Should a lawyer
communicate with another party whom the lawyer knows is represented by counsel? A lawyer
who is representing a client in a matter shall not communicate about the subject of the
representation with a person the lawyer knows to be represented by another lawyer in the matter,
unless the lawyer has the consent of the other lawyer or is authorized to do so by law or court order.
9– What are the duties of a partner in a law firm? A partner should make reasonable efforts to ensure
that the firm has in effect measures giving reasonable assurance that all lawyers in the firm conform
to the
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19. Business Law Essay
Business owners and managers familiar with the court litigation system understand that high
litigation costs and long delays make it difficult and expensive to resolve business disputes in court.
They also understand that most civil cases that go to court are settled before trial. They are solved
after spending considerable amount of time and money in the complex pre–trial phase, but just in
time to avoid the risk of trial. Mediation and commercial arbitration provide superior solutions that
help in resolving business disputes. Mediation puts the parties immediately in control of the situation
and helps them get desirable outcomes without expending vast resources on litigation procedures
(Berg, Permanent Court of Arbitration. International...show more content...
With increased regularity, businesses have chosen alternativedispute resolution (ADR) procedures of
mediation and arbitration instead of the traditional litigation system for resolving legal disputes.
Businesses have brought in qualified mediators in the dispute resolution process, to help them come
up with preferable resolutions instead of spending excessive resources on pre–trial court litigation
processes. In case businesses anticipate disputes that might not be resolved through mediation, they
agree at the time of contract signing, to present future disputes to private arbitration.
The most widely accepted reason favoring commercial arbitration or alternative dispute resolution is
the favorable cost of the arbitral process in comparison to traditional litigation costs. The cost of
arbitration, when managed efficiently, can be a fraction of the cost of litigation. In a study that
compared litigation and arbitration of employment disputes, empirical data indicated that arbitrations
were significantly more efficient than litigation, in terms of time management. Several judges have
spoken out about the court crisis, including Kevin S. Burke, Chief Judge of the Minnesota's Fourth
Judicial District (Antonio Buti, 2001).
Modern business dealings involve increasing multifaceted interactions coupled with many technical
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20. Business Law
Question 1 A contract is an arrangement of a deal made between two or more person, which the
law will enact. In formation of a contract, consent is one of the important, crucial and essential
elements. It stated in Section 13 of the Contracts Act 1950 saying that "two persons are said to
consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense." Any agreement arranged is
become contract if they are made by the free consent of parties. However, there are several
occurrences or situations that if the contract was not made based on free consent will cause the
contract to be voidable. According to the Business Dictionary, voidable contract is a contract that
has legal effect and force when it is made, but is accountable to be successively...show more content...
But, he cannot be said to have been induced if the representation did not influence his mind at the
time of entering into the contract he was aware that the statement was not valid. Furthermore, the
misrepresentation does not make the contract voidable if the misled party had the chance to
investigate and resolve the truth of the representation. In the case of Tan Chye Chew & Anor v.
Eastern Mining Metals Co.Ltd ( 1965 ) 1 MLJ 201, the respondent entered into two contracts, one
with the 1st appellant for the assignment of rights to prospect certain mining land included in
approved application for prospecting permit, and another with the 2nd appellant, for the payment of
commission for 2nd appellant's part in bringing about the first contract. The respondent alleged that
the 2nd appellant had shown some land to the respondent's geologist which was later found not to be
included in the approved application. As such, they claimed that there was misrepresentation by the
2nd appellant, which induced the respondent to enter the first contract with the first appellant. There
had been a misrepresentation by the second appellant. But, the court further held that the respondent
company had means of discovering the truth with ordinary diligence. The respondent had entered
into the contract without checking the true position at any time despite having the facilities to do so.
Therefore, the contract was not voidable.
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