SIKLES REPORT

1. PRESENTATION
ON
SETTLEMENT OF SIKLESH
GROUP A
Aashish Pandey
Madhu bhandari
Bivek kr. Mandal
Milan Nepali
Sujan Pokhrel

3. INTRODUCTION
A settlement is a general term used in archaeology, geography, landscape
history and other subjects for a permanent or temporary community in
which people live, without being specific as to size, population or
importance. A settlement can therefore range in size from a small number of
dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding
urbanized areas.

4. SETTLEMENT PATTERN
Dispersed
Nucleated
Linear

5. SETTLEMENT HISTORY OF NEPAL

6. ABOUT SIKLESH
A settlement is a general term used in archaeology, geography, landscape
history and other subjects for a permanent or temporary community in
which people live, without being specific as to size, population or
importance. A settlement can therefore range in size from a small number of
dwellings grouped together to the largest of cities with surrounding
urbanized areas.

7. GEOGRAPHY
Place name : Siklesh
Municipality name : Parche
Region name (Level 3) : Kaski
Region name (Level 2) : Gandaki zone
Latitude :28°21'26.2"N (28.3572900°)
Longitude :84°06'27.1"E (84.1075200°)
Located at an altitude of approximately 1,890 meters above
sea level,
Great starting point for trekking to the base camp of many
Himalayan peaks, like Annapurna, Dhaulagiri, Machhapuchhre
and so on.

9. CLIMATE
The climate of Sikles, as a subtropical highland climate, with a dry winter and
a rainy monsoon season. The village is situated in the rain shadow of the
Annapurna range, which means that it receives less rainfall than the
surrounding areas.
During the winter months, from October to May, the climate is dry
and cool. Temperatures can drop below freezing at night, and there may be
occasional snowfall in the higher elevations. This is a good season for
trekking and outdoor activities, as the weather is clear and the visibility is
good.

10. MYTH
Before settling in Sikles, they used to live in Klasaudar. Sikles
have come there while looking for a new place for fear of river
and landslides. According to their beliefs, they sowed corn and
other grain leaves and asked their god that after some time the
grain would grow and if it was good, they would know that it
was a suitable place to live there and after six or seven months,
the seed had turned into a fruit and they were happy and
started to live there in their own houses at first. Then the Cheuli
bird preferred to stay in the group.
They were influenced by that bird, thinking that it gave
them a signal to live in a group; they started to build houses
close to each other in one place. That why the people there
used to call Sikles by the name of that bird Cheule.
–Yam Bahadur Gurung

11. ECONOMY
 Main economic activity of sikles is agriculture and tourism.
 Mostly house is used as the home stay purpose as well as hotels.
 Some household used animal husbandry with sheep for wool and hand-made
products .
 Roads are not provided in the inner part of the village so pedestrian method and
used donkey as transportation purpose.
5%
59%
18%
6%
6%
6%
Occupation of the Head of household
Army Farming Livestock Trade Tourism Others

12. CULTURE AND TRADITION
 The Gurung are a Tibeto-Burman people who have for centuries inhabited
the southern slopes of the Himalaya in central Nepal.
 SongtsenGampo ascended the throne at the age of thirteen. To arrange an
alliance with Nepal, he sent a minister there to arrange a marriage for him
with the Princess Bhrikuti Devi When she came to Tibet for the marriage;
she brought with her a statue of the Buddha-figure Akshobhya.
 During this period, SongtsenGampo further extended the Tibetan
Empire to parts of northern Burma and, in 640, to Nepal as well.
 To explain their origins earlier that their arrival in Lamnasa, Gurung would
tend to rely on dynastic chronologies called GurungVamsavali.
 Chemjong dates the Gurung arrival in the Gandaki region in mid-western
Nepal in the seventh century, when Tibet’s first historical king,
SongtsenGampo was forming a great central Asian empire that at the time
threatened china. SangtsenGampo occupied ‘Nepal’ or Kathmandu valley
and engaged cavalry as far south as the Indian plain.
ORIGIN

13.  Chemjong’s account has the Gurungs in a long migration from northern Tibet,
eastward through the Sino-Tibetan frontier region, southward along the river
system of Mekong, Salween and Yangtze, through the Chinese province of Yunnan
westward across Burma to follow the course of Tsango River, finally to where the
Tsango-meets the kaligandaki river, which cuts a deep gorge southward through
the Himalayas into Nepal’s Gandaki region, the present Gurung homeland.
 Char Jat and soraJat
 Char Jat categories are governmental position,
Ghale, king
Ghodane, Minister
Lama, Priest
Lamichane, Councillor
ABOUT GURUNG
 Gurung peoples are also called tamu.
 were migrated from Tibet to central region of Nepal in 6th century.
 Gurung usually speak their own language- gurung (tamu) language.
 Tamu language is based on bhot-barmeli language, Nepali language and some of
them speak himanchali language.
 Most of the Gurung follow Buddhism,
 Some of them follow Hindu religion, Bon religion.

14. Birth rituals
i. Chaiti
 6th day, naming ceremony
ii. Nauran
 newly mother is purified.
 Gaunth is used as the purified liquid which
 named as “mahar kaya” in gurung language.
iii. Weaning ceremony
 child being fed his/her first grains.
 The child is first fed by virgin girls as a symbol
 of good women.
 Only after Bhatt Khuwai, children are permitted
 to wear shoes and new dresses.
Iv. Chhaewar
 initial hair cutting of gurung boy at the age of 3,5,7,9 or 11 years.
 For 3 days after Chhaewar, child is not allowed to go outside the house.
 indicates that the boy has become socially, culturally and legally responsible person.

15. v. Guniyo-Choli Ceremony
 Just like Chhaewar for boy, girl is given Guniyo and Choli, after she completed 7, 9
or 11 years.
 recognizes that she has now become an adult and is able to bear social and cultural
behaviors.
vi. Marriage
 Marriage is of two types; Arranged and Elopement.
 The marriage ceremony is simple, at bride’s house
it entails putting on the white tika on foreheads
of the couple and parents and relatives wish in
them a happy life.
 Then they wash their daughter’s feet and take a
drop of water so used to their lips.

16. PROGRAM FORMULATION
Preparation of report was carried out in a
systematic way to pursue program objectives. It
includes various steps of collection, processing
and analyzing of data. The report is mainly
prepared using primary data.
DATA COLLECTION & SAMPLING
Study tour was focused on surveying
and collecting information about Sikles and its
settlement pattern. The information and data
were collected through different survey.
DATA ANALYSIS
Data collected were entered
among different sheets after analysis on the
basis of different factors and was interpreted in
pie chart, bar graph and drawings for graphical
representation, mapping and presentation.
DOCUMENTATION & ANALYSIS

18. BASEMAPE WITH BUILDING

20. HOUSEHOLD SURVEY
TYPES OF FAMILY:
42%
49%
8% 1%
Education level
High school Intermediate Bachelor Master
EDUCATION:
Joint
31%
Nuclear
69%
Types of Family-200H
Joint Nuclear
Joints
44%
Nuclear
56%
Types of Family-50H
Joints Nuclear

21. OCCUPATION:
1
37
8
0
2 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Army Farming Livestock Trade Tourism Other
Occupation of the Head of Household
50 HOUSES
Occupation of the Head of Household
12
152
47
14 16 15
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Army Farming Livestock Trade Tourism Others
Occupation of the Head of household
200 HOUSES
Occupation of the Head of household
LANGUAGE:
45%
55%
0%
Language
Nepali Gurung Others
33%
67%
0%
Language
Nepali Gurung Other

22. RELIGION:
SITE PLAN WITH RELIGIONS
41%
47%
12%
Religion
Hindu Buddhist other

23. CASTE:

24. MIGRATION :
53%
47%
Migration
Within country Aboard
30%
70%
Migration
Within country Aboard
36%
54%
10%
Future Plan of
Migration
Education Employment Other
40%
56%
4%
Future plan of
Migration (Yes)
Education Employment Other

25. COMMUNITY GROUPS :
Z Aama samua Youth club
1. Welcoming tourist Sports program
2. Waste management monthly Promote culture
3. Awareness program Awareness program about drugs and
alcohol
4. Control gambling Volunteer in cultural program
5. Cultural program for tourist
6. Active participitaion on social works
7 Rise funding and helps for group
members
25
4
19
0
10
20
30
Aama toli Youth club No
Any community group
Any community group

26. TOURISM:
38
17
13
8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Increase Homestay Local Product Cultural activity Other
Further Benefits From Tourism
Further Benefits From Tourism
BENEFITS FROM TOURISM:
-job opportunity
-increase homestay
-promote gurung culture
-trade of local product
-helps to gets new idea from new people.

27. The impact of tourism on local communities ,are generally in two ways .one can considered
various positive ,socio logical impacts .such as employment opportunity, income generations
,infrastructure development and improvement in local services.
On the negative ways ,large crowd ,waste management is a large concern
,preserve gurung culture and protect from the influence of western culture on sikles is a
major concern. While taking about the scope of tourism ,local government needs to make
betterment in following points:
-better information centre .
- guide for tourist
- provide best local products
-best accommodation &lodging
-health facilities for tourist
- better transportation

28. BUILDING STRUCTURE TYPOLOGY
The main building structure typology
that defines Sikles is its use of locally available
material such as timber frame stone masonry
without using any mortar but after earthquake
several other type can be seen like use of CGI
sheet for temporary structure, stone masonry
laid in concrete, use of block, timer in wall etc.
and all these criteria is placed on others while
RCC frame structure and brick masonry is given
separate title. Data clearly shows majority of the
houses are vernacular style with timber and
stone and masonry.
DESIGN TYPOLOGY

29. FRONT YARD:
Two types of Front yard can be seen in cluster. In which majority of houses has
continuous type of front yard while few has isolated front yard. Isolated front yard
has stone walls in all direction which makes it isolated whereas continuous front yard
shares single yard and acts as an access way for many houses. Front yard is used for
different purposes such as drying crops, storing firewood and for various family
functions
CONDITION OF HOUSE
 house are in good condition.
 most of the houses are constructed after earthquake or has been reconstructed.
 Vernacular architecture style building are high in sikles this shows from given pie
chart .

30. 44%
55%
1%
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE
VERNACULAR HYBRID MODERN
SITE PLAN WITH BUILDING STYLE

31. MAP WITH ROOFING MATERIAL

32. ADEQUACY OF HOUSE
Most of the people, were feel sufficient with the present houses. If there is needed
certain modification is done.
TOILET AND WASTE MANAGEMEN
YES
90%
NO
10%
ADEQUATE
YES NO
From the survey we know that most of the toilet were deattached,and while taking
about type of toilets pan and local method were used .
46%
54%
0%
Types of toilet
local pan wc

33. WASTE MANAGEMENT
 Waste management is done by locally.
 By burn
 By sewage disposal method.
Methods for waste disposal

34. TYPE OF INFRASTRUCTURE
ROADS & STREETS
 It take 3 hr to 4 hr to travel by bus from Pokhara to sikles through the main
highway road.
 The width of the highway road varies from 6-8m depending on topography of
land.
 Houses are arranged at the either side of the road.
 The road inside the village can be divided as Primary, secondary and tertiary road.

35. WATER SUPPLY
 Distribution of water is carried out in two ways in village.
 some people walk some distance to fill water from community tap, as individual
water tap is joined to the house. Community tap is placed at each certain distance.
Houses are arranged at the either side of the road.
 While hotels, guest house, school, government buildings and religious building has
Individual tap system.
YES
100%
NO
0%
WATER SUPPLY
YES NO

36. BASE MAP WITH INFRASTRUCTURE

37. DAMAGE BY EARTHQUAKE 2072 (2015)
 2015 Earthquake did caused damage to many buildings, some were severe that
building got ruined while some were moderate.
 Some building had minor damaged by earthquake that they have been
reconstructed.
 While some building were not damaged at all or are newly constructed. Prior to
that some had minor damage in building that has been reconstructed.

38. CONSTRUCTION METHOD APPLIED IN GURUNG RESIDENCE
a) Foundations:
 The trenches of the foundations are excavated 80 cm deep and wide.
 They form a continuous peripheral sole that encompasses the foundations of the
inner and outer buttresses.
 The foundations rest on a bed of gravel allowing a better distribution of the
building's loads. The stones are arranged pyramidcally in two successive stages of
80 cm and 60 cm to accommodate the 40 cm stone wall.
b) Mortar:
 It is composed of 9 parts of sand, for 2 parts of lime and 1 part of cement. Its
application is 4 cm set back from the outside of the wall in order to have a "dry
stone masonry" aspect of the wall.
c) Gabion-tie-bandr:
 This technique is inspired by the work of Randolph Langenbach. A galvanized mesh
of 10x10 mm is unrolled along the stone walls with a superimposition at the
corners and buttresses.
 It is filled with stones and mortar

39. d) Wall:
 The width of the wall is reduced to 40 cm, instead of 80 cm on the traditional
houses.
 Through stones are placed every 1.20m each row, reinforcing the internal
structure to the wall.
 The concept is hardly accepted by the workers and requires close supervision.
e) Mortar:
 It is composed of 9 parts of sand, for 2 parts of lime and 1 part of cement. Its
application is 4 cm set back from the outside of the wall in order to have a "dry
stone masonry" aspect of the wall.
f) Florring:
 It is insulated from the humidity by a 0.8 mm plastic cover.
 Stones are placed on the plastic cover leaving some air voids in order to improve
the insulation from the ground.
 The entrance area is covered with a stone floor treatment and extends outwards
to the veranda.
 The room space is lined with Sukul, locally manufactured braided bamboo.

40. g) Attic floor:
 The attic floor is supported by five 127x152mm beams spaced by 915mm and
firmly attached to the tie-band.
 The bracing is done by a secondary wooden structure of 50x80mm and by the 4cm
diagonal wooden flooring. A non-deformable diaphragm structure is obtained
FACTORS AFFECTING THE SETTLEMENT HOUSING
 In sikles the rural houses are usually built with the traditional or indigenous
knowledge. Almost, all houses were built in same style of construction
technology.
 There are two factors for the diversification of the form of houses. They are as
following: -
 Environmental factors (climate, soil condition,
amount of rainfall, vegetation)
 Socio-economic factors (economical status, social
hierarchy, availability of the construction material,
religious belief, ritual etc.)

41. Relationship between Environmental factors with settlement
 By surveying this site, we know that settlements were
disturbed at the foot of mountains or sloppy land rather than
the completely flat land, with their layout stretching along
the elevation contours.
 Because of the steep slope in this area, it was difficult to
construct the building during exaction and transportation
process also.
 The main transportation of the inner village was pedestrian
method because of the compact settlement so it takes longer
time to reach the destination as compare to the completely
flat land.
 Less farmland area and it affect the negative impact on the
agriculture scope of the village.
 If drainage facilities undeserved or geologic conditions poor,
it is easy to decrease the strength a strength and stability of
the land.

42. • Relationship between socio-logical factors with
settlement
 Culture is one of the most powerful factors, which is guiding the evolutionary
 pattern of households. Studying at the levels of human settlements, the
impacts
 of culture in the formations of house forms can be understood.
 Culture is one of the most powerful factors, which is guiding the evolutionary
 pattern of households. Studying at the levels of human settlements, the
impacts
 of culture in the formations of house forms can be understood.
 Culture is one of the most powerful factors, which is guiding the evolutionary
 pattern of households. Studying at the levels of human settlements, the
impacts of culture in the formations of house forms can be understood.
 Culture is the one of the most powerful factors, which is guiding the
evolutionary pattern of households.
 Studying the settlement of sikles, the impact of culture in the formations of
house forms can be understood.
 In case of the sikles it was found that maximum numbers of households are
held by gurung and culture and tradition also dominated by it.

43. Kyufi Temple
According to locals every year from first day of magh called maghe Sankranti
till 3-4 days there happens to be a Mela/Occasion at Maudu Kyufi temple –the
temple of lord shiva. Around the temple, there this water sprout which
remains dry the whole year. Except in the month of magh there is a huge flow
of water in the sprout. People Believe that if they take shower or bath at the
sprout , one will get out of all the past sins

44. STREETY FACADE
 We chose the location on the southern
part of siklesh because in ours group the
oldest homes belong to their.
 south facing, towards the sun.
 houses are symmetry attained, generally
the main door in the left portion of house.
 Two floors:- ground used as kitchen and
upper floor for accommodation.

46.  The sloped roof with locally made
stone tiles used as architectural
element in the traditional houses,
which has been completely
replaced by GI sheet roof.
 The GI sheet is also used in the
balcony.

48. Measurement Drawing of single Building

49. The main reason to selecting
this building for case study
purpose is
 Uses of local material with
local construction
technology
 Open space public
 Renovation with local
material
House detail
 Owner Name: naan subba
gurung
 Located at gairether tole
 Constructed at 2000 BS
 2 story building
 South facing
 Attached type of building
Ground floor
 Consist of wide verandah kitchen store
and sleeping zone within one enclosed
space
 Kitchen consist of fireplace agenu
located at the centre position of the
room
 Corner room used as the stored
 Platform near the entrance called
jurato for providing vessel containing
water
 Pidhi used for living or gathering space

50. First floor
 Used for storage of food material like
rice corn millet and other valuable
and ornaments
Roof
 Slope roof with 1’-6” projection for
rapid flow of water
 For the roofing purpose stone slate
and G.I sheet
Construction material and technology
 load bearing wall and posts and beam
 Wall coated with a dry plaster
 The door opening is about 4’
 Total Floor clearance height of 7’
 Single tham in ground support the
capital dain and joist above
 First floor mud flooring.