8. TEAMWORK
o
o
Establish tasks to be completed
o Work on tasks
o
Communicate / monitor progress
o Work on new / revised tasks
o
Solve problems
o Research / development
o
Interpret results
o Networking
o
8
Agree on goals / milestones
INDIVIDUAL
WORK
Agree completion of project
11. Stages of Team Development
Forming (assemble team; deal with ambiguity)
Storming (deal with criticism; develop ideas)
Norming
(procedures, cohesion)
Performing (cooperation)
[Adjourning]
11
Source: Bruce Tuckman (1965) Small Group Development
16. A few TEAMWORK guidelines…
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
16
Effective communication
Team Working Agreement
Effective meetings
Project management
Conflict management
18. 2. Team Working Agreement
What is it?
•
•
Expectations each team has for its members
•
18
Effectively a contract which all team members
sign up to… each team member is expected to
abide by that contract
Designed specifically for your team
19. Team Working Agreement
Key points:
•
•
Each team member needs to input
•
A chance for all members to voice their opinions
•
19
Tailor to meet the specific needs of your team
members
All members will be accountable for statements
in the agreement
20. Team Working Agreement:
Issues to consider
•
•
participation by all members
•
decision-making
•
problem-solving approaches
•
management of conflict / differences
•
20
effective communication method(s)
responsibilities & conduct
21. SAMPLE:
Boeing Code of Cooperation for Teams
•
EVERY member is responsible for the team’s progress and
success
•
Attend all team meetings; be on time
•
Listen to & show respect for view of members
•
Criticize ideas, not persons
•
Use & expect constructive feedback
•
Resolve conflicts constructively
•
•
Avoid destructive behaviour
•
21
Always strive for win-win situations
Ask questions when you do not understand
Source: http://aircraftdesign.nuaa.edu.cn/PD-2006/PDF/P1-requirement%20and%20schedule.pdf
22. 3. Meeting Guidelines (sample)
Project meetings will be held every
Meetings will be called by
.
.
Meetings will begin and end on time.
Decisions will be made by consensus/ majority
rule/anarchy.
Role of scribe will rotate.
Minutes will be issued by e-mail within 24 hours of
each meeting.
Exceptions allowable/not allowable.
22
23. 4. Project Management
•
Start with consensus on project GOAL
•
Then work to a project PLAN
Milestone
23
Responsibility
Date
24. 5. Conflict
•
People typically fear and avoid conflict
•
Most people believe conflict does not belong
in the workplace
However, dynamic organizations use
conflict as a CREATIVE FORCE.
24
25. TEAMWORK
o
o
Establish tasks to be completed
o Work on tasks
o
Communicate / monitor progress
o Work on new / revised tasks
o
Solve problems
o Research / development
o
Interpret results
o Networking
o
25
Agree on goals / milestones
INDIVIDUAL
WORK
Agree completion of project
26. Teamwork in a Software
Development Environment
COMMUNICATION
–
Communicate well; listen openly
KEEP THE PROJECT ON TRACK
–
–
Work to the plan to keep motivation high
Update the plan as things change
CONFLICT
–
–
26
Accept and work with/through conflict
Develop a constructive conflict style
Notas del editor
Teamwork is a popular topic! WHY?
It is a key skill required in the workplace… especially in IT.
You want to do your best work, to shine – of course you do!
But, with few exceptions, you won’t shine unless PROJECT is a success.
And the project can only be a success if the team works together effectively.
Unfortunately, GAP between skills required in workplace and
what new grads are able to provide:
EDUC – individualism, competition
WORK – collaboration, teamwork
First principles… definitions.
A team is NOT just a group!
NOT!!!... everyone getting together to work on the same problem
IS…
Establishing the questions that need to be answered;
Each team member taking responsibility for particular tasks & doing the work;
Putting the results of tasks together & asking “did we answer the question?”
Identifying next steps.
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY:
Take 2 minutes…
Try to list at least 2 or 3 TEAMS that you are (or have been) a member of.
e.g. sports, debate, drama, community, etc.
Take 2 minutes… try to write down 3 on each list.
Try to elevate individual issues.
Then I’ll present some ideas/theories/models… and some practical applications!
KEY SLIDE: Ideally, a balance between Teamwork & Individual work
Teamwork is a challenge!Requires co-operative learning... inherently more complex than individualistic/competitive learning.
Many models of teamwork and groupwork… I’ll present just a few of them, which I think might be helpful.
First is Tuckman’s model of Group Origin/Formation (1965)
FORMING – (OUR Own Objectives)
Team dependent on leaders for structure; behaviour = Questioning (Why are we here? What are we supposed to do? How are we going to get it done?) Team building is important here.
STORMING – (Others / Problems)
Focus on personal relationships & roles; air opinions & differences; conflict & confrontation. Differences of opinion over how things should be done and who should be ‘movers & shakers’.
Helpful to move from CONFLICT to cooperation.
NORMING – (Process)
Group begins to settle down… greater cohesion. Members belong to group vs. being in the group. Members begin to share ideas, feedback, etc. Brief abandonment of task… play & fun.
PERFORMING – (Project Performance)
Members acknowledge interdependency; work well together. Achieving more together than as individuals. People help each other with ideas & support.
ADJOURNING – project-inevitable (also TRANSFORMING)
Very relevant model…
DEPENDENCE (You) – I need your help (physical, emotional, intellectual)
INDEPENDENCE (I) – More mature, major achievement! (but not supreme)…
Current social paradigm enthrones independence, BUT this is a reaction to Dependence. Independent people who do not have the maturity to think & act interdependently may be good independent producers, but won’t be good LEADERS or TEAM PLAYERS. (MY way = competitive)
Life is, by nature, highly INTERDEPENDENT. To try to achieve maximum effectiveness through independence is like trying to play tennis with a golf club – the tool is not suited to the reality!
INTERDEPENDENCE (WE) – Choice only independent people can make. (Dependent people don’t have the character to do it.) As you become truly independent, you have the foundation for effective interdependence. You have the character base from which you can effectively work on values of TEAMWORK, COOPERATION & COMMUNICATION.
WIN/WIN – Effective interpersonal leadership + TEAMWORK!
Seeks mutual benefit of all human interaction… “the 3rd alternative”
(i.e. not your way or my way, a better way)
Interdependence
WIN/LOSE – If I win, you lose… authoritarian approach.
Most of us have been deeply scripted in this mentality (school, sport)
WIN/LOSE is dysfunctional to cooperation.
Independence
LOSE/WIN – “Go ahead, have your way.” “Keep the peace.”
W/L people love L/W people, but L/W people bury their feelings.
LOSE/LOSE – 2 WIN/WIN people together, i.e. 2 determined, stubborn,
ego-driven individuals… philosophy of adversarial conflict & war.
Q: WHICH IS BEST?
A: It depends………. WIN/WIN most of the time!
…. But how do we do it?
Q: What gets in the way?A: Ego, conflict, lack of skills…
Therefore, we need a set of skills to help us work effectively in TEAMS.
Please reflect on this…
1 – what skills do you have?
2 – which do you want/need to develop?
TODAY focus on the top list
ONGOING work on the bottom list
We only have a limited time… but can talk about these key skills.
These are very important – and can be very powerful!
Can add to these as project goes along…
These are very important – and can be very powerful!
Can add to these as project goes along…
Q: What if you can’t meet a deliverable, e.g. deadline is Friday, right now it’s Wednesday…
WHAT DO YOU DO???
“Only the dead have no conflict.”
Q: What phase might this arise in?
STORMING phase…!
Without conflict, you can remain stuck in mediocrity.
KEY SLIDE: Ideally, a balance between Teamwork & Individual work
Teamwork is a challenge!Requires co-operative learning... inherently more complex than individualistic/competitive learning.
“POSITIVE INTERDEPENDENCE”
Look at things in a new way.
There might be a better way to get the team working.
Tao of Pooh (p. 48)
