12. Others and but than that you your her a an the
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14. Yod coalescence In English phonetics Yod coalescence is a form of assimilation – it is a phenomenon which takes place when /j/ is preceded by certain consonants most commonly /t/ and /d/:
15. /t/ + /j/ = /tS/ … but use your head! bətʃu:z jɔ: hed / Last year…. / lɑ:stʃɪə / The ball that you brought…. / ðə bɔ:l ðətʃu: brɔ:t / What you need…. / wɒtʃu ni:d /
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17. /d/ + /j/ = / d Z / Could you help me? / kʊdʒu help mi: / She had university students… / ʃi: hædʒu:ni:vɜ:sɪti stju:dənts Would yours work? / wʊdʒɔ:z wɜ:k/
18. Exercise. Identify places where yod coalescence may occur in the following phrases: What you need is a good job! You told me that you had your homework done. She didn’t go to France that year. Could you open the window please? You’ve already had yours!
19. Elision Elision is very simply the omission of certain sounds in certain contexts . The most important occurrences of this phenomenon regard: 1 Alveolar consonants /t/ and /d/ when ‘sandwiched’ between two consonants Se nd F rank a card. / sen ˈfræŋk ə ˈkɑ:d / Ho ld th e dog! / ˈhəʊl ðə ˈdɒg / The la st c ar… / ðə ˈlɑ:s ˈkɑ: / The ne xt d ay…. / ðə ˈneks ˈdeɪ /
20. Africates / t / & / d / This can also take place within affricates /t / and /d / when preceded by a consonant, e.g. lunchtime / ˈlʌntʃtaɪm / becomes / ˈlʌnʃtaɪm / strange days / ˈstreɪndʒˈdeɪz / / ˈstreɪnʒˈdeɪz /
21. Elision of ‘not’ The phoneme /t/ is a fundamental part of the negative particle not , the possibility of it being elided makes the foreign students life more difficult. Consider the negative of can – if followed by a consonant the /t/ may easily disappear and the only difference between the positive and the negative is a different, longer vowel sound in the second: + I can speak…. / aɪ kən ˈspi:k / / - I can’t speak… / aɪ ˈkɑ:n(t) ˈspi:k / / /
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25. Assimilation of Place The most common form involves the movement of place of articulation of the alveolar stops /t/, /d/ and /n/ to a position closer to that of the following sound. For instance, in the phrase ten cars , the /n/ will usually be articulated in a velar position, so that the tongue will be ready to produce the following velar sound /k/. Similarly, in ten boys the /n/ will be produced in a bilabial position, to prepare for the articulation of the bilabial /b/.
26. /k/ /t/ e.g. that kid / / e.g. good girl / / /g/ /d/ BEFORE A VELAR (/k/, /g/)
27. /p/ /t/ / m / /n/ e.g. hot mushrooms / hɒp ˈmʌʃru:mz / e.g. bad boys / bæb ˈbɔɪz / / / b / /d/ e.g. ten men /te m m en/ BEFORE A BILABIAL (/ m /, / b / , /p/ )
28. ASSIMILATION OF VOICING The vibration of the vocal folds is not something that can be switched on and off very swiftly, as a result groups of consonants tend to be either all voiced or all voiceless. Consider the different endings of ‘books’, bags and ‘catches’