organic farming

2. 2
Speaker: Daki Raju N.
Degree: M.Sc. (Agronomy)
Reg no: J4-00605-2010
Major Guide:
Dr. B.K. Sagarka
Professor(P)
Dept. of Agronomy,
J.A.U., Junagadh.
Minor Guide:
Dr. N.M. Zalawadia
Professor(P)
Dept. of Agril. Chemistry and Soil
Science,
J.A.U., Junagadh.

3. Organic farming –An overview
Principles and objectives of organic farming
Organic farming in vegetables crops
Issues and strategies of organic
vegetable farming in India
Conclusion
Content :
3

4. 4
Organic farming is a production system which avoids or
largely excludes the use of synthetic compounds like fertilizers,
pesticides, weedicides and livestock feed additives. It based on
crop rotations, legumes, green manures, farm organic wastes and
biofertilizers, biological method of pest control which result into
the maintenance of soil health, supply of plant nutrients and
controls insects and weeds.

5.  Before 19th century most food in the world was
organically produced.
In 1924 Austrian philosopher Dr. Rudolf Steiner
conceptualized and advocated organic agriculture.
 In 1927 a trademark “Demeter” was introduced for
organically grown food.
Ill effects of modern agriculture forced people to demand
food grown without fertilizers and pesticides and this
paved the way for organic farming.
In 1972, International Federation of Organic Agriculture
Movements (IFOAM) gave an international frame work for
discussion and codification of internationally recognized
principles of organic farming.
5

6. 6
Fig.1: World of Organic Farming
SOURCE : FiBL and IFOAM 2010 6

7. 7
Fig: 2 World of Organic Farming in %
Source: FiBL and IFOAM (2010)
7

8. Table1:IndianScenario:Areaunderorganiccertification
(Certifiedandin-conversion-Statewise)
8
Source: Organic Farming in Rainfed Agriculture , CRIDA, Hyderabad, 2008 8
Sr.no. state Area in ha.
Certified Area Under
Conversion
Total
1. Gujarat 7,102 658 7,760
2. Madhya Pradesh 87,536 59,875 1,47,411
3. Assam 2526 540 3066
4. Delhi 3632 1830 5462
5. Goa 4100 2849 6950
6. Haryana 3382 15 3398
7. Karnataka 8735 2976 11711
8. Kerala 11631 3112 14744
9. Maharashtra 41390 72238 113628
10. Orissa 66635 7959 74585
11. Rajasthan 15034 9697 24731
12. Tamilnadu 3414 1652 5066
13. West Bengal 7332 3147 10479
14. Other 262449 166548 424997
Total 3,11,786 2,17,143 5,28,929

9. Commodity Production
(Metric tons)
Rice 17762
Wheat 113570
Other Cereals & Millets 271042
Pulses 53227
Soybean 315067
Cotton and oil seed 837293
Spices (Including chili, ginger, turmeric) 1,68,507
Tea / Coffee 40614
Fruits and Vegetables 8,89,844
Sugarcane 3613
Other Crops / Herbs & Medicinal Plants and Guar Gum 189193
9
Table :2
SOURCE: National centre of organic farming ,ministry of agriculture, Govt.of India,
Ghaziabad 9

10. 10
S/No Organic food Sale (tons)
1 Tea 3,000
2 Coffee 550
3 Spices 700
4 Rice 2500
5 Wheat 1150
6 Pulses 300
7 Oil seed 100
8 Fruits and vegetable 1,800
9 Cashew nut 375
10 cotton 1200
11 Herbal products 250
total 11,925
Table 3. Export performance of organic food products
from India.
Source: Changing scenario of organic farming in India: An Overview
H. M. Chandrashekar (2009) 10

11. 1. To produce food of high quality in sufficient quantity.
2. To encourage and enhance biological cycles within the farming
system, involving micro-organisms, soil flora and fauna, plants
and animals.
3. To maintain and increase the long-term fertility of soils.
4. To maintain the genetic diversity of the production system and
its surroundings, including the protection of wildlife habitats.
5. To use, as far as possible, renewable resources in locally
organized production systems.
6. To minimize all forms of pollution.
7. To allow organic production and processing to meet the basic
needs, returns and satisfaction from their work, including a safe
working environment.
PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIC FARMING
11 11

12. 12

13.  Balanced supply of nutrients ( primary, secondary and
micronutrients)
 Improved physical, chemical and biological properties of
soil.
 Reduced need for purchased inputs
 Environmental security
 More healthy and nutritionally superior food for man
and animal
 Organically grown plants are more resistant to diseases
and pests and hence require less protective measures.
13

14. United States of America
Japan
Canada
Australia
European Union
India
Multinational Corporation
14

15. Sr.
No.
Name of certifying & inspection
agencies
Sr.
No.
Name of certifying & inspection
agencies
1. Association for promotion of
Organic Farming (APOF)
7. Bioinspectra
2. Indian Society for Certification of
organic production (ISCOP)
8. SGS India Pvt Ltd
3. Indian Organic Certification Agency
(INDOCERT)
9. LACON
4. Skal Inspection and Certificaton
Agency
10. International Resources for Fair
Trade (IRFD)
5. IMO Control Pvt. Ltd. 11 One Cert Asia
6. Ecocert International 12. National Organic Certification
Association (NOCA)
15

16. Ceraels : Paddy, Wheat, Maize.
Pulses : Red gram, Black gram, Green gram,
Bengal gram
Spices : Candamon, Black paper, Ginger,
Turmeric, Clove, Vanilla
Vegetables : Okra, Tomato, Brinjal, Potato,
Onion, garlic, cucumber, chilli
cauliflower, cabbage
Fruits : Mango, Banana, Pineapple, Grape,
Orange, Cashewnut
Commodity : Tea, Coffee
Cash crop : Cotton
16 16

17. 17
Latent needs of Organic Farming of Vegetable crops in
India
1. Most of the vegetable crops are eaten fresh or used for health
care; hence any contamination (chemical residue) may lead to
various kinds of health hazards
2. In India majority of the vegetable growers are poor, small and
marginal farmers
3. Decrease in land productivity due to ever increasing use of
chemical fertilizers
4. There are not many scientific breakthroughs in improving
quality and production of vegetable crops
5. The ever-increasing cost of production due to fertilizers,
pesticides, irrigation etc despite massive cause of concern,
which are very low in organic farming.
17

18. 7. Organic Farming of vegetable crops generates income
through International exports or by saving production
costs.
8. Organic Farming also able to secure a place of India on
International markets by producing high value vegetable
crops.
9. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers as well as pesticides
not only increases the cost of production but also poses
threat to the environment quality, ecological stability and
sustainability of production. We have gained quantity but
at expense of quality. 18
Con….
6. High environment pollution
18

19. 19
Objectives of Organic Farming in Vegetable crops
1. To produce food of high nutritional quality in
sufficient quantity
2. To encourage biological cycles within farming
systems by involving the use of microorganisms,
soil flora & fauna, plants and animals
3. To maintain and increase the long term fertility
of soil and biodiversity
4. To use renewable resources in locally organized
production systems
5. To work with a close system with regard to
organic matter and nutrient elements
6. To avoid all forms of pollution that may results
from Agricultural techniques
19

20. 20
Technology packages for Organic Vegetables
1. Timely preparation of soil to a fine tilth with 2-3 ploughings
to remove all debris, stubbles, stones etc and to avoid
infestation of ants and termites. However, minimum tillage
is considered as an important component of organic
farming.
2. Use of organic manures as basal dose @ 25-38 t/ha through
FYM, poultry manures, fish manures, sheep composts,
biofertilizers etc. Use of organic cakes from neem,
groundnut, pongamia, and castor becomes imperative.
3. Raising of green manure crops like sesbania or dhanicha
and incorporating into the soil, besides using biomass of
other plant species.
20

21. 21
Con…
21
4.Always include legume crop like beans, peas, cowpea etc
in the crop rotation not only to improve the soil fertility
by fixing atmospheric nitrogen but also to increase the
yield up to 30-35%.
5.Use of crop residues is essential in organic vegetable
production, which increases the soil organic matter content,
maintains soil fertility status, and in turn increases the crop
yield.
6.Choice of vegetable varieties should be based on climate,
resistance to pest & disease and market preference; adopting
optimum spacing and timely planting, raising plants/seedlings
with enough organic manures and bio-fertilizers.
21

22. • FYM, Slurry, green manure, crop residues, straw, vermicompost, sheep
manure and other mulches from own farm
• Saw dust, wood shaving from untreated wood.
• Calcium chloride, lime stone, gypsum .
• Magnesium rock.
• Sodium chloride.
• Bacterial preparation (Bio fertilizers), eg. Azospirrillum, rhizobium etc.
• Bio dynamic preparations.
• Plant preparation and extracts, eg. Neem cake etc.
The following products are permitted for use in manuring
/ soil conditioning in organic field
2222

23. Sr. No. Source N (%) P (%) K (%)
A. Organic manures
1 FYM 0.5 0.2 0.5
2 Vermicompost 1.6 2.2 1.0
3 Pressmud 1.30 2.20 0.50
4 Poultry manure 3.03 2.63 1.50
5 Cattle dung & urine manure 0.60 0.15 0.45
B. Oil cakes
1 Castor cake 5.5 1.8 1.1
2 Neem cake 5.0 1.0 1.5
3 Mahua cake 2.5 1.8 1.8
4 Karanj cake 4.0 1.0 1.4
C. Green manures
1 Cowpea 0.70 0.15 0.60
2 Sunhemp 2.30 0.50 1.80
3 Dhaincha 3.50 0.60 1.20
4 Glyricidia leaves 2.90 0.50 2.80 2323

24. Table 5: Response of Vegetable crops to Bio-fertilizer inoculations (for nitrogen)
Bio-fertilizer Crop Increase in
yield (%)
Nitrogen
economy (%)
References
Rhizobium Cowpea 4.09 - Mishra & solanki (1996)
Pea 13.38 Kanaujia et al (1999)
Azotobacter Cabbage 24.30 25 Verma et al (1997)
Garlic 14.23 25 Anonymous (2003)
Onion 18.00 Joi & Shinda (1976)
Tomato 13.60 50 Kumarswamy (1990)
Azospirillum Cabbage 11.87 25 Verma et al (1997)
Capsicum 9.98 25 Anonymous (2002)
Onion 21.68 25 Anonymous (2002)
Garlic 6.42 25 Anonymous (2003)
okra 9.00 25 Subbiah (1991)
24

25. Table 6: Response of Vegetable crops to Bio-fertilizer inoculations
(for phosphorus and Potash)
Bio-fertilizer Crop Increase in
yield (%)
phosphorus
economy (%)
References
PSM Garlic 14.23 25 Anonymous (2003)
Onion 9.60 25 Thiiakavanty &
Ramaswamy (1999)
Potato 30.50 - Gaur (1985)
VAM Chilli 14.29 _ Biswas et al(1994)
Onion 4.70 25 Gurubatham et al (1998)
Potato 20.00 _ Biswas et al (1994)
KSB
(frateuria
aurentia)
Brinjal Singnificant
increase
yield
50 %
(potash
economy)
Ramaretuinam and
Chandra (2006)
25

26. Table 7: Natural or Botanical pesticides
Botanical
pesticide
Source Nature of the
product
Against which pests
1.Allicin Garlic Broad spectrum
pesticide
Act as antibacterial & antifungal bio-
pesticide
2.Nicotine
sulfate
Tobacco Insecticides Aphids, thrips, spider, mites & other
sucking insects
3.Sabadilla Sabadilla lily Insecticides Caterpillars, leaf hoppers, thrips, sink
bug and squash bugs
4.Nemacide Neem tree Insecticides Potato beetle, grass hopper, moth
5.Pyrethrum Chrysanthem
um
Insecticides Aphids and ectoparasites of live stocks
26

27. Table 8: Suggested varieties of vegetable crops
tolerance/resistance to disease & pests
Crop Pests/diseases Varieties
Brinjal Bacterial wilt GJB-2,BWR12, Arka Nidhi, Utkal
Tarini, Utkal Madhuri, Annamalai
Phomopsis rot Pusa Bhairav
Shoot & fruit borer SM 17-4,Punjab Barsati, ARV 2-C,
Pusa Purple Round, Punjab Neelam
Aphids, jassids,
thrips, white fly
GOB-1,Kalyanpur-2, Gote-2, PBR-
91, GB-1, GB-6
Chilli Leaf curl virus GVC-101,GVC-121,Pusa Jwala,
Pusa Sadabahar
Leaf curl virus
CMV, TMV & leaf
curl
Punjab Lal
Mosaic, wilt &
dieback
Punjab Sukh
Virus complex LCA 235
Cabbage Black rot Pusa Mukta
Aphid Red drum head, Sure head, Express
mail
Cauliflower Black rot Pusa Shubra
27

28. 28
1) Solanaceous Vegetable Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli, Potato
2) Bulb Crops Onion and Garlic
3) Malvaceous Vegetale Okra
4) Cruciferous Vegetable Cabbage and Cauliflower
5) Leguminous Vegetable Pea, Cowpea, Pigeon pea, Cluster Bean
6) Leaf Vegetable Amaranthus
7) Cucurbitaceous Vegetable Cucumber, Water Melon, Musk Melon
8) Root Crops Radish, Turmeric, Ginger, Carrot
28

29. 29

30. TABLE 10: FRUIT YIELD OF BRINJAL UNDER DIFFERENT
ORGANIC PLANT GROWTH PROMOTER TREATMENTS
Treatments No. of fruits
/plant
(Mean±S.E)
Yield /plant
(kg)
(Mean±S.E
)
yield
(t ha-1)
Control 22.5±0.1 0.8±0.0 14.5
T1-Panchagavya (3%) 37.3±0.1 1.4±0.0 25.8
T2-Panchagavya (5%) 37.0±0.0 1.4±0.0 28.2
T3-Amrit Pani (3%)) 23.1±0.1 1.2±0.0 21.7
T4-Amrit Pani (5%) 26.2±0.1 1.2±0.0 21.5
T5-Bokashi (750 Kg Ha-1) 52.7±0.1 1.7±0.0 30.7
T6-Bokashi (1250 Kg Ha-1)
45.9±0.2 1.6±0.0 28.4
Mohan(2008)
Hosur, (India)
30

31. TABLE 11:EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF OXYGENATED PEPTONE ON
FLOWERING AND FRUITING IN BRINJAL
Parameter Untreated Treated Increase (%)
Number of flowers /
plant
11.3 ± 1.0 19.0 ± 1.2 68.1
Flower to fruit ratio 1.13 1.15 1.76
Number of fruits /
plant
10.0 ±1.0 16.5 ± 0.5 65
Length of fruit (cm) 6.3 ± 0.1 10.0 ± 0.5 58.7
Diameter of fruit
(cm)
12.7 ± 0.2 19.6 ± 0.2 54.3
Weight of fruit (g) 47.3 ± 0.4 130.0 ± 1.5 174.8
Yield / plant (kg) 2.4 ± 1.0 5.0 ± 1.5 108.3
shining + ++
31

32. Parameter Untreated Treated Increase (%)
Total nitrogen
(%)
0.70 0.90 28.5
Total potash (%) 1.500 1.550 3.33
Calcium (%) 0.003 0.005 66.6
Magnesium (%) 0.151 0.152 0.6
Copper (ppm) 27 161 496.2
Iron (%) 21 25 19
Manganese
(ppm)
13 17 30.7
TABLE 12. EFFECT OF SOIL APPLICATION OF OXYGENATED
PEPTONE ON MINERAL CONTENTS IN FRUIT OF BRINJAL
32

33. TABLE 13: EFFECT OF BIOPESTICIDAL ON JASSID, WHITEFLY AND YIELD IN
BRINJAL.
33
Treatment No. of
jassid/Three
leaves
No. of
whitefly/
Three
leaves
Fruit yield
(kg/ha)
T1-B.bassiana @ 1.5 kg/hha 4.32 3.85 13255
T2- B.bassiana @ 2.0 kg/ha 3.98 3.48 14332
T3-M.anisopliae @ 1.5 kg/ha 3.92 3.66 13751
T4-M.anisoplia @ 2.0 kg/ha 3.63 3.42 15150
CD at 5% 1.65 0.90 2370
Dept. of entomology (2010)J.A.U, (junagadh)
33

34. Table 14. Effect of soil application of organics on growth and fruit
yield in chilli
DHARWAD
Treatments plant height
(cm)
Fruit yield
per
plant(g)
Fruit yield
t/ha
S1: RDF + FYM (25t/ha 38.48 306.22 11.03
S2: FYM (50%) + Vermicompost (50%) 38.89 311.13 11.79
S3 : FYM (50%) + Vermicompost (50%) + Neemcake
(500 kg/ha)
41.95 334.45 12.00
S4: FYM (50%) + Vermicompost (50%) + Azospirillum +
PSB (5kg/ha)
42.95 380.57 13.99
CD at 5% 2.64 35.11 1.23
34
PRAKASH (2008)

35. FYM 50 per cent + vermicompost
FYM 50 per cent + vermicompost 50 per cent
+ biofertilizer
35

36. Table 15:Effect of bio-inoculants on yield and quality of
tomato fruits
Sengupta et al. (2002)JNKVV, Jabalpur
36
Treatments Yield (q/ha) T.S.S content
(brix)
Ascorbic acids
content
(mg/100g)
Bio- inoculants
B0 No inoculans 234.54 5.62 21.72
B1- Azotobacter 256.82 5.89 22.50
B2-Azospirillum 261.08 5.95 22.76
CD at 5% 5.928 0.193 0.98

37. Table 16:Effect of FYM on fruit yield and yield
attribute characters in tomato
Treatments (FYM t/ha) Fruits/Plant
s
Average Fruit
Weight (g)
Yield t/ha
0 30.3 64.3 37
10 32.4 71.5 47
25 36.9 74.9 51
CD at 5% 1.01 4.27 7.5
Rajbir and Ram (2005)Abohar (Punjab)
37

38. Table 17.Yields of tomatoes under different organic
plant growth promoter treatments
Treatments No. of fruits /plant
(Mean±S.E)
Yield /plant (kg)
(Mean±S.E)
yield
(t ha-1)
Control 111.4±0.3 3.4±0.0 49.5
T1-Panchagavya (3%) 113.6±0.1 3.6±0.0 55.3
T2-Panchagavya (5%) 116.1±0.1 3.6±0.0 57.1
T3-Amrit Pani (3%)) 115.6±0.1 4.0±0.0 59.1
T4-Amrit Pani (5%) 116.0±0.0 4.2±0.0 61.4
T5-Bokashi (750 Kg Ha-1) 119.8±0.1 4.3±0.0 65.0
T6-Bokashi (1250 Kg Ha-1) 121.0±0.3 4.3±0.0 66.1
Mohan(2008)Hosur, India.
38

39. 39
Table 18: Tuber yield of potato influenced by organic sources of nutrients
Hooghly (West Bengal) Chettri et al. (2005)
Biodynamic compost= cowmanure + cow horn
39
Treatment Total tuber yield (q/ha)
T0 FYM @ 30 t/ha 212.60
T1 FYM @ 20 t/ha + biofertilizer
(Azotobacter + PSB)
224.36
T2 FYM @ 10 t/ha + biofertilizer
(Azotobacter + PSB)+Crop
residue of previous crop
243.59
T3 FYM @ 20 t/ha + biodynamics 220.94
T4 Biodynamics+biofertilizer
(Azotobacter + PSB)
268.70
T5 Control 207.8
CD at 5% 39.53

40. Treatment Tuber yield (q/ha)
Jaivic (5q/ha) 255
Neem cake (5q/ha) 270
Karanze cake (5q/ha) 252
Castor cake (5q/ha) 266
Mustard cake (5q/ha) 265
CD at 5% 5.0
40
Table 19: Effect of organic manures on the potato tuber yield
RAU, Pusa (Bihar) Mamta et al. (2005)
40

41. 4141

42. Treatments Fresh weight
of bulb (g)
Dry matter
(%)
Diameter
of bulb
(cm)
Bulb yield
(q/ha)
T1 FYM (25 t/ha) 48.26 10.00 5.13 321.76
T2 Vermi compost (5.0
t/ha)
53.97 10.25 5.47 359.79
T3 NADEP compost
(15.24 t/ha)
45.62 9.87 5.12 304.13
T4 Agrich (1.25 t/ha) 41.64 9.70 4.77 277.61
T5 Poultry manure (3.28
t/ha)
51.09 10.08 5.26 340.59
T6 Control 39.80 9.52 4.37 230.00
CD at 5% 2.29 0.345 0.46 4.83
42
Table 20: Influence of organic manure on growth and yield of onion.
Rewa (M.P.) Bose et al. (2006)
42

43. Table 21 : Effect of microbial inoculation on growth, yield and quality
of onion
Treatment Weight of
bulb (g)
Diameter of
bulb (cm)
Bulb yield
(q/ha)
Dry matter
content bulb/100g
of fresh weight (g)
T0
Control
136.6 5.46 242.4 3.6
T1
Azotobacter
147.1 5.9 280.4 3.9
T2
Azospirillum
140.8 5.9 268.2 3.8
CD at 5% 6.6 0.2 13.3 0.2
Shalimar (Srinagar) Rather et al. (2003)
43

44. Treatments Bulb yield (t/ha) Quality of bulbs
TSS (Brix) Sulphur %
A 1 (no Azospirillum) 19.06 9.39 0.440
A 2 (Azospirillum in nursery) 20.52 9.70 0.470
A 3 (Azospirillum in main
field)
20.13 9.68 0.470
CD= at 5% 0.22 0.37 0.009
V 1 (no VAM) 19.29 9.19 0.440
V 2 (VAM in nursery) 20.52 9.83 0.480
V 3 (VAM in main field) 19.97 9.75 0.470
CD at 5% 0.22 0.37 0.009
44
Table 22: Effect of Azospirillum and VAM on Onion
TNAU(Coimbatour) Gurubatham et al. (1989)
44

45. Organic farming in
malvaceous vegatable
45
45

46. Table 23:Agronomic impacts of vermicompost, worms with
vermicompost vis-a-vis chemical fertilizer on growth
and development of potted okra plants
Treatment Av.
Vegeta
tive
growth
(in
inches)
Av. No.
of
fruits/p
lant
Av. Wt.
of
fruits/p
lant
Total
No.
of
fruits
Max.
Wt. of
one
fruit
1 Earthworms (50) +
Vermicompost (250 gm)
39.4 45 48 gm 225 70 gm
2 Vermicompost (250 gm) 29.6 36 42 gm 180 62 gm
3 Chemical Fertilizer
(NPK) (Full dose)
29.1 24 40 gm 125 48 gm
4 Control 25.6 22 32 gm 110 43 gm
Agarwal (1999)Jaipur (Rajasthan)
46

47. Table 24.Plant growth parameters at harvest (after 6 week period) in
okra (Mean + SD).
Treatments Plant height
(cm)
Biochemical analysis
Fats (%) Protein (%)
Control 31.67 ± 03.79 0.52 ± 0.10 3.41 ± 0.25
Cattle dung (100g) 36.00 ± 03.46 1.78 ±1.02 6.37 ± 0.38
Chemical
Fertilizers (15.30g)
44.33 ± 10.02 2.68 ± 0.81 5.73 ± 0.88
Vermiwash (100ml) 42.33 ± 02.52 3.00 ± 0.00 6.35 ± 0.15
Vermicompost (100g) 39.33 ± 05.86 3.15 ± 0.21 6.82 ± 0.51
Vermiwash and
Vermicompost (100ml
+100g)
45.83 ± 05.62 3.52 ± 0.24 7.15 ± 0.35
Ansari and Sukhraj (2010)Georgetown, (Guyana) 47

48. Table 25: Effect of different organic treatments on the
performance of okra
48
Treatment No. of
fruits
Plant-1
Yield (t
ha-1)
BC
ratio
Q u a l i t y
characters
Crude
fibre
(%)
Moistu
re
(%)
T1- FYM @ 20 t ha-1 19.3 10.39 3.56 10.31 87.4
T2- Vermicompost @ 5 t ha-1 11.00 8.65 2.96 13.40 87.1
T3-Neemcake @ 2 t ha-1 15.6 9.13 3.42 13.00 88.1
T4- Poultry manure 5 t ha-1 11.00 8.58 3.22 13.20 88.0
T5- FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 13.7 9.81 3.26 11.44 87.9
T6- FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Neemcake @ 2.5 t ha-1 15.7 9.46 3.54 14.86 87.7
T7- FYM @ 10 t ha-1 + Poultry manure @ 2.5 t ha-1 15.0 9.26 3.37 14.56 88.5
T8- Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Neemcake 1 t ha1 15.0 8.24 3.09 12.90 88.2
T9- Vermicompost @ 2.5 t ha-1 + Poultry manure 2.5
t ha-1
13.0 7.97 2.90 12.90 88.2
T10- Neemcake 1 t ha-1 + Poultry manure 2.5 t ha1 12.0 7.56 2.93 12.40 88.3
T 11-Recommended dose of NPK
(40:50:30 kg NPK ha-1)
16.0 10.12 3.46 15.34 88.9
CD at (5%) 2.25 0.01
TNAU (Coimbatore) Premsekhar and Rajashree (2009) 48

49. Organic farming in cruciferous
vegetables
49

50. Table 26: Effect of different source of nutrients on
growth and yield of cabbage
50
Source of nutrients Head size (sq.cm.) Yield (t/ha)
FYM at 5 t/ha 359.61 69.264
FYM at 10 t/ha 344.17 69.155
FYM at 15 t/ha 345.06 71.745
FYM at 20 t/ha 391.27 76.116
Pressmusd at 5 t/ha 358.54 57.451
Pressmusd at 10 t/ha 335.69 61.635
Pressmusd at 15 t/ha 350.76 66.519
Pressmusd at 20 t/ha 350.32 70.931
NPK(120:60:60kg/ha) 339.40 68.045
CD at 5% 22.5 4.555
Source: texbook of organic farming for sustainable horticulture by P . Prvatha Reddy
50

51. Photo showing disease resistance in cauliflower induced by vermicompost
(A). Cauliflower grown on chemical fertilizers (Susceptible to diseases)
(B). Cauliflower grown on vermicompost (Resistant to diseases)
(Hazipur, Bihar, India. December 2008)
A B
51

52. Organic farming in cucurbitaceous
vegetable
52

53. Table 27: Effect of organic manures on yield and yield attributes
of cucumber
Prabhu et al. (2006)TNAU, Coimbatore
53
Treatments Mean fruit
weight (g)
Number of
fruits/plant
Yield/pl
ant
Yield
(t/ha)
T1-RDF 20-30-30 kg/ha 277.00 5.60 1.55 15.50
T2-FYM 20 t/ha 280.00 5.70 1.60 16.00
T3-VC 4 t/ha 290.00 6.50 1.88 18.80
T4- FYM 10t/ha+ VC 2t/ha 340.00 7.50 2.55 25.50
T5-GLM 5t/ha + Biofertilizer 295.00 7.00 2.06 20.60
T6-FYM 10 t/ha + Biofertilizer 310.00 7.10 2.20 22.20
CD at 5% 11.97 0.39 0.17 3.37

54. Organic farming in Root Crops
54

55. Table 28: Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield of
turmeric
Treatment Growth parameters Fresh yield
(q/ha)Height of pseudo
stem
(cm)
Leaf area
(Cm2)
C T
(10t/ha)
C T (10t/ha) C T
(10t/ha)
Armoor 13.3 19.3 1436.5 2478.1 14.9 18.7
Suroma 17.2 23.3 1528.1 3594.9 13.7 16.9
Mydukur 16.4 18.9 1437.6 1847.3 15.9 18.3
Suvarna 21.6 23.9 2004.0 2590.0 11.9 13.3
BSR-1 20.1 21.7 1789.9 2141.9 14.9 15.9
Local 21.3 23.1 1637.7 2739.0 16.1 18.8
CD at 5% - 2.85 - 1840.3 - 2.01
Saklespur (Karnataka) Vadiraj et al. (1998)
55
55

56. Treatments Plant
height (cm)
225 DAP
Number of
leaves/plant
Total dry matter
production
(g/plant) 225DAP
Cured
rhizome
yield/ha
(tonnes)
Weight of
mother
rhizome
kg/plants
T1 Panchkavya 2% 84.38 18.58 220.10 6.20 0.179
T2 Panchkavya 3% 89.19 21.25 246.45 6.70 0.190
T3 Panchkavya 4% 82.88 20.90 231.62 6.04 0.170
T4 Vermiwash 10% 87.53 19.77 240.81 6.40 0.182
T5 Vermiwash 20% 79.25 17.15 221.04 6.12 0.180
T6 Humic acid 0.05% 92.80 22.20 251.73 7.04 0.196
T7 Humic acid 0.1% 81.84 18.30 235.22 6.28 0.172
T8 Humic acid 0.15% 85.84 16.85 224.15 6.06 0.168
T9 EM 1% 81.03 19.60 236.12 6.30 0.185
T10 EM 2% 85.28 20.80 221.29 6.24 0.174
T11 EM 3% 80.40 18.80 229.87 6.16 0.163
T12 Control 68.23 15.08 187.68 3.04 0.131
CD at 5% 1.5935 0.4959 3.7233 0.2063 0.0053
Table 29: Effect of bioregulants on growth and yield of turmeric
TNAU(Coimbatore) Sathish et al. (2007)
56
56

57. Treatments Curcumin
(%)
Olerisin
(%)
Essential oil
(%)
Total chlorophyll
(180 DAP)
T1 Panchkavya 2% 3.845 8.12 3.71 1.654
T2 Panchkavya 3% 4.367 8.99 4.77 1.802
T3 Panchkavya 4% 3.907 8.171 3.59 1.595
T4 Vermiwash 10% 4.205 8.52 3.48 1.705
T5 Vermiwash 20% 3.756 8.64 3.58 1.610
T6 Humic acid 0.05% 4.577 9.47 4.94 1.838
T7 Humic acid 0.1% 3.497 8.29 3.68 1.668
T8 Humic acid 0.15% 4.072 8.55 3.48 1.698
T9 EM 1% 3.703 8.36 3.65 1.739
T10 EM 2% 3.900 8.63 3.82 1.576
T11 EM 3% 3.948 8.01 3.62 1.723
T12 Control 2.215 6.25 2.11 1.433
CD at 5% 0.1321 0.1639 0.1364 0.0250
Table 30: Effect of bioregulants on quality of Turmeric cv. BSR2
TNAU(Coimbatore) Sathish et al. (2007)
5757

58. 5.42
6.67 6.58
7.2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Control FYM Pongameacake Neem cake
Yield T/ha
(10 t/ha) (1.830t/ha) (2t/ha)
58
58

59. Treatment Tillers/plant Plant height
(cm)
Yield (kg/ha)
Farmyard manure (tonnes/ha)
T1 0 15.60 31.75 2260
T2 3 17.45 37.82 2950
T3 6 20.30 39.30 3300
CD at 5% 0.39 3.17 320
Table 31: Effect of FYM on growth and yield of ginger
Mandsaur (M.P.) Khandkar and Nigam (1996)
5959

60. Treatments Length of tuber
(cm)
Girth of tuber
(cm)
Weight of tuber
(g)
Yield
(gm/plant)
T1 Seed treatment with Panchkavya (3%) 10.0 4.0 191.0 401.10
T2 Seed treatment with Moringa leaf extract
(1:32dilutions)
15.0 6.0 181.0 380.10
T3 Seed treatment with Azospirillum +
Phosphobacteria (2kg/kg of seed)
12.6 4.0 189.0 396.90
T4 Foliar spraying of Panchakavya (3% at 15
days interval)
15.0 5.0 188.6 396.06
T5 Foliar spraying of Moringa leaf extract (1:32
dilutions at 15 days interval)
15.5 5.3 245.1 514.71
T6 T1 + T4 21.5 7.2 267.8 526.38
T7 T2 + T5 17.0 5.0 201.3 382.47
T8 T3 + soil application of Azospirillum +)
Phosphbacteria (100kg/ha)
15.0 5.0 214.6 407.74
T9 FYM(20t/ha) + T6 18.6 6.5 266.5 506.35
T10 FYM(20t/ha) + T7 16.2 5.8 257.1 488.49
T11 Coco peat (10t/ha) + T6 18.0 6.0 244.1 463.79
T12 Coco peat (10t/ha) + T7 19.0 4.6 235.4 447.26
Control 10.0 4.1 180.3 342.57
CD (P=0.05) 1.79 0.73 22.42 42.65
60
Table 32: Effect of organic farming practices on growth, yield and quality of Radish
TNAU (Coimbatore) Velmurugan et al. (2007) 60

61. Treatments Crown length (cm) Plant weight (g)
T0 Control + RLS(7kg) 26.67 66.67
T1 F P @ 35.00g/pot 33.17 145.00
T2 C P @ 26.25 g/pot 26.83 121.67
T3 C P @ 35.0 0g/pot 24.83 95.00
T4 C P @ 43.75 g/pot 25.17 106.67
T5 V P @ 26.25 g/pot 26.20 106.67
T6 V P @ 35.00 g/pot 24.33 106.67
T7 V P @ 43.75 g/pot 27.50 98.33
T8 P D @ 35.00 g/pot 27.83 136.67
T9 CPD @ 26.25 g/pot 26.37 88.33
T10 CPD @ 35.00 g/pot 27.33 108.33
T11 CPD @ 43.75 g/pot 26.00 98.33
T12 VPD@ 26.25 g/pot 27.33 113.33
T13 VPD@ 35.00 g/pot 28.00 123.33
T14 VPD@ 43.75 g/pot 30.27 141.67
CD at 5% 3.30 29.23
61
RLS-Red loamy soil, FP-Fresh Parthenium, CP-Composted Parthenium, VP-Vermicomposted
Parthenium, PD-Poultry droppings, CPD-Composted Poultry Droppings, VPD-Vermicomposted
poultry droppings
Table 33: Impact of fresh, composted and vermicomposted Parthenium and poultry
droppings on the growth attributes of Radish
TNAU (Coimbatore) Vijayakumari et al.(2009) 61

62. 62
62

63. 63
Issues and strategies of Organic Vegetable Farming in
India
The following issues and their viable strategies are
suggested to make organic vegetable production more
vibrant, dynamic, and responsive to changing consumer
demand both locally and globally as well.
1.The research for Organic farming in vegetable crops must
be on a system basis. It must be integrated one and
must not be looking at in isolation.
2. The task of research would be to produce technologies,
which can not only increase more food but also more
jobs and more incomes. That means, research must aim
at achieving triple goal of more job, more incomes and
more food.
63

64. 64
Con…
3. The research for organic farming should be focused on
developing technologies which may attract the vegetable
growers to adopt them, keeping in view of the requirements of
small holdings of resource poor small and marginal farmers.
4. The research should be in a holistic manner with long-term
evaluation of different organic substrates.
5. Identification of suitable cover crop and smother crop in a given
cropping system.
6. There should be strategy for monitoring of changes in
groundwater quality with references to heavy metal toxicity,
besides nitrate pollution.
7. Identification of soil improving crops under major agro-climatic
zone.
64

65. 65
Why total adoption of organic Farming of vegetable
crops is not feasible/ viable in India?
Though Organic Farming is one of the best approach
to get sustainability in the crop production, still some
constraints are there in adoption of Organic Farming in full
fledge under Indian conditions. It is because of following
reasons:
1. Organic farming is highly knowledge intensive farming.
So one has to keep pace with the dynamics of nature to
increase the biological productivity of the soil.
2. Organic inputs may be difficult to generate on the farm.
3. The organic produce may not find an early market as
most of the vegetables are perishable in nature.
4. Shifting to pure organic farming is a very time
consuming and laborious methods.
65

66. 66
5. Number of cattle households decreased gradually day by
day, causing scarcity of FYM.
6. Nutrient content is very low in organic sources. Varied
nutrient content in organic materials, so it becomes
difficult to farmers to calculate the actual amount of
organic materials to be added in soil.
7. Cattle dung, urine and farm wastes are to handle
manually.
8. The consumer need protection, so the Certification and
Inspection programme have to be Nationwide
9. There is lacking of adequate research & development
backup as well as training in Organic Farming in India.
10. Biological pest control is very knowledge intensive.
Con..
66

67. The modern form of organic farming is new
concept. However it is being popular in the world
speedily especially in developed countries. Organic
farming system is an alternative and appropriate
management system would help to improve soil
health environment thus increase the productive
levels and improve quality of vegetable crops. India
has tremendous potential to grow crops &
vegetables organically and emerge as a major
supplier of organic products in the world’s organic
market.
CONCLUSION
67
67

68. 68
Thank You