21. ANEMIA AND LEAD TOXICITY (90%)
Normochromichypochromic,
normocyticmicrocytic
Reduced RBCs survival time
Compensatory reticulocytes production
reticulocytosis
Basophilic stippling (70%)
↑ urinary excretion of ALA +
Coproporpherine III +Uroporphyrin +lead
28. DESCRIPTION
Colorless or light yellow liquid
Sweet odor (Conc. Below threshold of
smell associated with toxicity)
Highly flammable.
Evaporates into the air very quickly. Its
vapor is heavier than air and may sink into
low-lying areas.
33. MECHANISM OF TOXICITY
Benzen induces pancytopenia by
disrupting cell production from the
pluripotent stem-cell stage to the
functional stage.
There is good evidence that benzene is
cancerogenic.
37. Mutagenic effect:
Leukemia (particularly of the myelomonocytic
type),
Chromosomal abnormalities
A dry, scaly dermatitis may developed on
prolonged or repeated skin exposure to liquid
benzene.
40. MANAGEMENT
Blood transfusion
Neutrophil transfusion
Stem-cell transplantation from HLA identical
siblings:
Sever aplastic anemia
Young pt.
Need immunosuppression
41. OTHER AGENTS # BM GROWTH
Aplastic anemia
Insecticides
“lindane”
Solvents
“glues, kerosesn,
”TNT, CCL4
IR
49. PENETRATION ABILITIES OF DIFFERENT
TYPES OF RADIATION
Alpha Particles
Stopped by a sheet of paper
Beta Particles
Stopped by a layer of clothing
or less than an inch of a substance
(e.g. plastic)
Gamma Rays
Stopped by inches to feet of concrete
or less than an inch of lead
Radiation
Source
Neutrons
Stopped by a few feet of concrete::
1:100:10,000
50. DOSE RESPONSE TISSUE
Very High White blood cells (bone marrow)
Intestinal epithelium
Reproductive cells
High Optic lens epithelium
Esophageal epithelium
Mucous membranes
Medium Brain – Glial cells
Lung, kidney, liver, thyroid, pancreatic
epithelium
Low Mature red blood cells
Muscle cells
Mature bone and cartilage
66. MARCH HEMOGLOBINURIA “FOOTSTRIKE
HEMOLYSIS” “RUNNER’S ANEMIA”
Repeated force (trauma) to the foot cause
the breakdown of RBCs in blood vessels.
CAUSES
Hard surfaces, long distances, Worn out
shoes, Inherited RBCs problem
(hereditary spherocytosis).