Damian Trevor is well known as a respected founder of Team Sun Construction Company which is based in Rancho Mirage, California. According to Damian Trevor - Homogeneous and perfect mixture of portland cement concrete and water gives strength and durability. Water quality must be good for that. Curing is also must homogeneous.

1. CONSTRUCTION
MATERIALS and
CONCRETE
BY
DAMIAN TREVOR

2. GOALS
 To give brief information about
I. Concrete-properties,production,composition
II. Cement-types of cement,mostly used cement
III. Construction Materials-mostly used ones.
 To give ideas about how presentation is made
 To upgrade our skills on making presentation

3. Outline
 CONCRETE
1. What is concrete?
2. Composition of concrete
a) Water
b) Aggregates
c) Reinforcement
d) Chemical admixtures
e) Cement
3. Concrete production
a) Mixing Concrete
b) Workability
c) Curing

4. 4. Properties of Concrete
5. Types of Concrete
6. Concrete Testing
7. Concrete Recycling
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
a) Asphalt
b) Aggregate
c) Brick
d) Gypsum
Outline continued

5. CONCRETE
WHAT IS CONCRETE?
 Construction material
 Mixture of portland cement, water, aggregates, and in
some cases, admixtures.
 The cement and water form a paste that hardens and
bonds the aggregates together.
 Often looked upon as “man made rock”.
 Versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide
variety of agricultural and residential uses.
 Strong, durable, versatile, and economical.

6. CONCRETE
 Can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and reproduce any
surface texture.
 The most widely used construction material in the world.
 In the United States almost twice as much concrete is used as all other
construction materials combined.
 The ready-mix concrete producer has made concrete an appropriate
construction material for many applications.

7. Composition of concrete
 Water
 Aggregates
 Chemical admixtures
 Cement

8. WATER
 Good water is essential for quality
concrete.
 Should be good enough to drink free
of trash,organic matter and excessive
chemicals and/or minerals.
 The strength and other properties of
concrete are highly dependent on the
amount of water and the water-
cement ratio.

9. AGGREGATES
 Aggregates occupy 60 to 80 percent
of the volume of concrete.
 Sand, gravel and crushed stone are
the primary aggregates used.
 All aggregates must be essentially
free of silt and/or organic matter.

10. CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES
 Materials in the form of powder or fluids that are added to the
concrete to give it certain characteristics not obtainable with plain
concrete mixes.
 In normal use, admixture dosages
are less than 5% by mass of cement,
and are added to the concrete at the
time of batching/mixing.

11. CHEMİCAL ADMİXTURES
The most common types of admixtures are:
 Accelerators :
- Speed up the hydration (hardening) of the concrete.
- Typical materials used are CaCl2 and NaCl.
 Acrylic retarders :
-Slow the hydration of concrete, and are used in large or
difficult pours.
- Typical retarder is table sugar, or sucrose (C12H22O11).

12. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
 Air Entraining agents:
-The most commonly used admixtures for agricultural
concrete.
-Produce microscopic air bubbles throughout the concrete.
-Entrained air bubbles:
 Improve the durability of concrete exposed to
moisture and freeze/thaw action.
 Improve resistance to scaling from deicers and
corrosive agents such as manure or silage.

13. CHEMICAL ADMIXTURES
 Water-reducing admixtures
-Increase the workability of plastic or "fresh" concrete,
allowing it be placed more easily, with less consolidating
effort.
-High-range water-reducing admixtures are a class of water-
reducing admixtures
 Increase workability
 Reduce the water content of a concrete.
 Improves its strength and durability characteristics.

14. REINFORCEMENT
 Strong in compression, as the
aggregate efficiently carries the
compression load.
 Weak in tension as the cement
holding the aggregate in place can
crack, allowing the structure to
fail.
 Reinforced concrete solves these
problems by adding either metal
reinforcing bars, steel fibers, glass
fiber, or plastic fiber to carry
tensile loads.

15. CEMENT
 Crystalline compound of calcium
silicates and other calcium
compounds having hydraulic
properties.
 Considered hydraulic because of
their ability to set and harden under
or with excess water through the
hydration of the cement’s chemical
compounds or minerals

16. CEMENT
 Uses
Main use is in the fabrication of concrete and mortars
 Modern uses
-Building (floors, beams, columns, roofing, piles, bricks,
mortar, panels, plaster)
-Transport (roads, pathways, crossings, bridges, viaducts,
tunnels, parking, etc.)
-Water (pipes, drains, canals, dams, tanks, pools, etc.)
-Civil (piers, docks, retaining walls, silos, warehousing,
poles, pylons, fencing)
-Agriculture (buildings, processing, housing, irrigation)

17. CEMENT
HYDRAULIC CEMENTS:
 Hydraulic lime: Only used in specialized mortars. Made
from calcination of clay-rich limestones.
 Natural cements: Misleadingly called Roman. It is made
from argillaceous limestones or interbedded limestone and
clay or shale, with few raw materials. Because they were
found to be inferior to portland, most plants switched.
 Portland cement: Artificial cement. Made by the mixing
clinker with gypsum in a 95:5 ratio.

18. CEMENT
 Portland-limestone cements: Large amounts (6% to
35%) of ground limestone have been added as a filler to a
portland cement base.
 Blended cements: Mix of portland cement with one or
more SCM (supplementary cemetitious materials) like
pozzolanic additives.
 Pozzolan-lime cements: Original Roman cements. Only a
small quantity is manufactured in the U.S. Mix of pozzolans
with lime.

19. CEMENT
 Masonry cements: Portland cement where other
materials have been added primarily to impart plasticity.
 Aluminous cements: Limestones and bauxite are the
main raw materials. Used for refractory applications (such as
cementing furnace bricks) and certain applications where rapid
hardening is required. It is more expensive than portland.
There is only one producing facility in the U.S.

20. PORTLAND CEMENT
 Most active component of
concrete
 The greatest unit cost in concrete,
 Its selection and proper use are
important in obtaining most
economically the balance of
properties desired for any
particular concrete mixture.

21. PORTLAND CEMENT
 The production process for portland cement first involves
grinding limestone or chalk and alumina and silica from shale
or clay.
 Type I/II portland cements are the most popular cements used
by concrete producers
-Type I cement is the general purpose cement and most
common type. Unless an alternative is specified, Type I is
usually used.
-Type II cement releases less heat during hardening. It is
more suitable for projects involving large masses of concrete--
heavy retaining walls.

22. Types of Portland cement
Cement
type
Use:
I1 General purpose cement, when there are no extenuating
conditions
II2 Aids in providing moderate resistance to sulfate attack
III When high-early strength is required
IV3 When a low heat of hydration is desired (in massive
structures)
V4 When high sulfate resistance is required
IA4 A type I cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
IIA4 A type II cement containing an integral air-entraining agent
IIIA4 A type III cement containing an integral air-entraining agent

23. PORTLAND CEMENT
Physical Properties of Portland Cements
1) Fineness,
2) Soundness
3) Consistency
4) Setting time
5) Compressive strength
6) Heat of hydration
7) Loss of ignition

24. Concrete production
 This process develops physical and chemical properties like
mechanical strength, low moisture permeability, and chemical
and volumetric stability.
A properly proportioned concrete mix will provide
 Mixing concrete
 Workability
 Curing

25. Mixing concrete
 Essential for
I. The production of uniform
concrete,
II. High quality concrete.
 Equipment and methods should
be capable of effectively mixing

26. Workability
 The ease with which freshly mixed
concrete can be placed and
finished without segregation.
 Difficult to measure but ready-mix
companies usually have experience
in determining the proper mix.
 Important to accurately describe
what the concrete is to be used for,
and how it will be placed.

27. Curing
 Concrete that has been
specified, batched, mixed,
placed, and finished "letter-
perfect" can still be a failure if
improperly or inadequately
cured.
 Usually the last step in a
concrete project and,
unfortunately, is often neglected
even by professionals.

28. Curing
 Curing has a major influence on the properties of hardened
concrete such as durability, strength, water-tightness, wear
resistance, volume stability, and resistance to freezing and
thawing.
 Proper concrete curing for agricultural and residential
applications involves keeping newly placed concrete moist and
avoiding temperature extremes (above 90°F or below 50°F)
for at least three days.
 A seven-day (or longer) curing time is recommended.

29. Curing
 The best curing method depends on:
 Cost,
 Application equipment required,
 Materials available,
 Size and shape of the concrete surface.
 Prevent the loss of the mixing water from concrete by sealing
the surface.
 Can be done by:
 Covering the concrete with impervious paper or plastic
sheets,
 Applying membrane-forming curing compounds.

30. Curing
 Begin the curing as soon as the
concrete has hardened sufficiently
to avoid erosion or other damage to
the freshly finished surface.
 Usually within one to two hours
after placement and finishing.

31. Properties of concrete
 Strength
 Elasticity
 Cracking
 Shrinkage cracking
 Tension cracking

32. Strength
Concrete has relatively
 High compressive strength,
 Low tensile strength
 Fair to assume that a concrete sample's tensile strength is about
10%-15% of its compressive strength
 The ultimate strength of concrete is influenced by
- water-cementitious ratio
-the design constituents
- the mixing
-placement
-curing methods

33. Elasticity
 Function of the modulus of elasticity of the aggregates and the
cement matrix and their relative proportions
 The American Concrete Institute allows the modulus of
elasticity to be calculated using the following equation:
where
wc = weight of concrete (pounds per cubic foot) and where
f'c = compressive strength of concrete at 28 days (psi)

34. Cracking
 All concrete structures will crack to some extent.
 Cracks due to tensile stress induced by shrinkage or stresses
occurring during setting or use

35. Shrinkage cracking
 Occur when concrete members undergo
restrained volumetric changes (shrinkage)
as a result of either drying, autogenous
shrinkage or thermal effects.
 The number and width of shrinkage cracks
that develop are influenced by
-the amount of shrinkage that occurs
-the amount of restraint present
-the amount and spacing of reinforcement
provided.

36. Tension cracking
 Most common in concrete beams where a transversely applied
load will put one surface into compression and the opposite
surface into tension due to induced bending.
 The size and length of cracks is dependent on
- The magnitude of the bending moment
- The design of the reinforcing in the beam at the point
under consideration.

37. Types of concrete
 Regular concrete
 High-strength concrete
 Stamped concrete
 High-performance concrete
 Self-consolidating concretes
 Vacuum concretes
 Shotcrete
 Pervious concrete
 Cellular concrete,
 Cork-cement composites
 Roller-compacted concrete
 Glass concrete
 Asphalt concrete
 Rapid strength concrete
 Rubberized concrete
 Polymer concrete
 Geopolymer or green concrete
 Limecrete
 Refractory Cement
 Concrete cloth
 Innovative mixtures
 Gypsum concrete

38. Concrete testing
Compression testing of a concrete cylinder
Same cylinder after failure

39. General test methods
 Compaction Factor Test (Compacting Factor Test, Glanville)
 Compaction Test
 Free Orifice Test (Orimet Test)
 K-Slump Tester
 Free Flow Test Methods
 Slump Test
 Modified Slump Test
 Slump Rate Machine
 Kelly Ball Test
 Ring Penetration Test
 Cone Penetration Test
 Moving Sphere Viscometer
 Flow Trough Test
 Delivery-Chute Torque Meter
 Delivery-Chute Depth Meter
 Surface Settlement Test

40. Concrete recycling
 increasingly common method of disposing of concrete
structures
 recycling is increasing due to
-improved environmental awareness
- governmental laws
-economic benefits
 Recycling concrete provides
-environmental benefits
-conserving landfill space

41. Construction materials
 Asphalt
 Aggregate
 Brick
 Gypsum

42. ASPHALT
 Also known as bitumen
 Dark brown to black
 Highly viscous
 Hydrocarbon produced from
petroleum distillation residue.
 At least 80% carbon, which
explains its deep black color.
 Sulphur is another ingredient.
 Primarily used as a sealant for
rooftops and a durable surface for
roads, airport runways,
playgrounds and parking lots.

43. ASPHALT
 Asphalt can be separated from the other
components in crude oil
 By the process of fractional distillation,
usually under vacuum conditions.

44. TYPES OF ASPHALT
 The major types of asphalt
used in construction are ;
 Rolled asphalt
 Mastic asphalt.

45. Rolled Asphalt
 Made of aggregate, or solid materials such as sand, gravel, or
recycled concrete, with an asphalt binder.
 Used to make roads and other surfaces, such as parking lots,
by being applied in layers and compacted.
 Different types of rolled asphalt are distinguished according to
the process used to bind the aggregate with the asphalt.

46. TYPES OF ROLLED ASPHALT
 Hot mix asphalt concrete
(HMAC)
- Produced at 160 degrees Celsius.
-This high temperature serves
to decrease viscosity and
moisture during the
manufacturing process,
resulting in a very durable
material.
-HMAC is most commonly
used for high-traffic areas,
such as busy highways and
airports.

47. ROLLED ASPHALT
 Warm mix asphalt concrete
(WAM or WMA)
-Reduces the temperature
required for manufacture by adding
asphalt emulsions, waxes, or
zeolites.
-Benefits both the environment
and the workers, as it results in less
fossil fuel consumption and reduced
emission of fumes.

48. ROLLED ASPHALT
 Cold mix asphalt concrete,
-Emulsified in soapy water before
mixing it with the aggregate,
eliminating the need for high
temperatures altogether.
-The asphalt produced is not nearly as
durable as HMAC or WAM
-Typically used for low traffic areas or
to patch damaged HMAC.

49. ROLLED ASPHALT
 Cut-back asphalt concrete
-Illegal in the United states since the 1970s, but many other
countries around the world still use it.
-The least environmentally friendly option, resulting in
significantly more air pollution than the other forms.
-Made by dissolving the asphalt binder in kerosene
beforemixing it with the aggregate, reducing viscosity
while the concrete is layered and compacted.

50. MASTIC ASPHALT
 Also called sheet asphalt.
 Lower bitumen content than the
rolled asphalt.
 Used for some roads and
footpaths.
 Used also in roofing and flooring
.

51. MASTIC ASPHALT
 Stone mastic asphalt (SMA), is another variety.
 Becoming increasingly popular as an alternative to rolled
asphalt.
 Benefits include
-Anti-skid property
-The absence of air pockets
But if laid improperly
-May cause slippery road conditions.

52. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
 Durability
- A measure of how asphalt binder physical properties
change with age.
- Sometimes called age hardening
. - In general, as an asphalt binder ages, its viscosity
increases and it becomes more stiff and brittle.

53. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
 Rheology
 The study of deformation and flow of matter.
 Deformation and flow of the asphalt binder in HMA is
important in HMA performance.
 HMA pavements that deform and flow too much may be
susceptible to rutting and bleeding, while those that are too
stiff may be susceptible to fatigue cracking.

54. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
ASPHALT
 Safety
 Asphalt cement like most other materials, volatilizes (gives
off vapor) when heated.
 Flash point.
 For safety reasons, the flash point of asphalt cement is tested
and controlled.
 Purity.
 Asphalt cement, as used in HMA paving, should consist of
almost pure bitumen.
 Impurities are not active cementing constituents and may be
harmful to asphalt performance.

55. AGGREGATE
 Collective term for sand, gravel
and crushed stone mineral
materials in their natural or
processed state
 Roads and highways constitute the
largest single use of aggregate at
40 percent of the total

56. AGGREGATE ORIGINS AND
PRODUCTION
 Can either be natural or manufactured
I. Natural aggregates are generally extracted from larger rock
formations through an open excavation
II. Manufactured rock typically consists of industrial
byproducts such as slag (byproduct of the metallurgical
processing – typically produced from processing steel, tin
and copper)
 Specialty rock that is produced to have a particular physical
characteristic not found in natural rock (such as the low
density of lightweight aggregate).

57. AGGREGATE PHYSICAL
PROPERTIES
 Toughness and abrasion resistance. Aggregates should be
hard and tough enough to resist crushing, degradation and
disintegration from activities such as manufacturing,
stockpiling, production, placing and compaction.
 Durability and soundness. Aggregates must be resistant to
breakdown and disintegration from weathering
(wetting/drying) or else they may break apart and cause
premature pavement distress.

58.  Particle shape and surface texture. Particle shape and
surface texture are important for proper compaction, load
resistance and workability. Generally, cubic angular-shaped
particles with a rough surface texture are best.
 Specific gravity. Aggregate specific gravity is useful in
making weight-volume conversions and in calculating the void
content in compacted Hot Mixed Asphalt
 Cleanliness and deleterious materials. Aggregates must be
relatively clean when used in HMA. Vegetation, soft particles,
clay lumps, excess dust and vegetable matter may affect
performance by quickly degrading, which causes a loss of
structural support and/or prevents binder-aggregate bonding

59. GYPSUM
 Occurs in nature as :
- flattened
- often twinned crystals
- transparent cleavable masses
called selenite.
 May also occur in a silky, fibrous
form, in which case it is commonly
called satin spar.
 Finally may also be granular or quite
compact.
 In hand-sized samples.
 Can be transparent or opaque.

60. OCCURRENCE GYPSUM
 A common mineral, with thick
and extensive evaporite beds in
association with sedimentary
rocks.
 Gypsum is deposited in lake and
sea water.
 Hydrothermal anhydrite in veins
is commonly hydrated to gypsum
by groundwater in near surface
exposures.
 Often associated with the
minerals halite and sulfur.

61. USES OF GYPSUM
 Gypsum Board primarily used as a finish for walls and
ceilings; known in construction slang as Drywall
 Plaster ingredient.
 A component of Portland cement used to prevent flash setting
of concrete.

62. BRICK
 Masonry unit
 Does not infer any particular
material
 About %90 of UK, bricks made from
some form of clay.
 %8 of UK bricks made of concrete
crushed rock aggregate and portland
cement are main constituents.
 %3 of UK of brick made from sand
and lime, sometimes with the
addition of crushed flint.

63. TYPES OF BRICK
 Common unit - suitable for general
construction,with no special claim to
give an attractive appereance.
 Facing unit - speacilly made or
selected to give an attractive
appearance
 Header- shorter face of a masonry
unit showing on the face of a wall
 Brick- not exceeding 338 mm in
lenght,225mm in width,nor 113 mm
in height.

64. TYPES OF BRICK
 Engineering brick- fired clay brick,having a dense and strong
semi-vitreous body,conforming to defined limits for water
absorbtion and compressive strength
 Frogged brick-Frogs not exceeding %20 of gross volume
 Soft mud bricks- most economical.burned at 900-1000 C to
achieve strenght.
 Dry pressed bricks-more accurate,sharper-edged bricks

65. TYPES OF BRICK
 Extruded bricks-hard dense,lighter,easier to handle,different
thermal properties from solid bricks.make hardened by drying
20-40 hours at 50-150 C before being fired.
 Calcium silicate bricks-consist of lime,mixed with quartz ,
crushed flint or crushed siliceous rock with mineral colourants.
Bricks are accurate ,uniform, various colors( white is
common).

66. USES OF BRICK
 In metalurgy industry , glass
industry for lining furnaces.
 Use as a refractory (silica,
magnesia bricks)
 To make walls,barbeques,fences
etc..

67. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF
BRICK
 Hard
 Durable
 Rectangular
 Smallish
 Holds heat well/insulates
 Compact
 Come in several earth-tone colors
 Cheap

68. Thank you for your attention
 Simple question about our presentation.
1. What is the composition of concrete?
2. What is the purpose of curing?
3. What is the types of asphalt mostly used in construction?
4. What type of construction material is used for lining the
kilns?