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Word Class in English
- 1. Different words do different jobs in a sentence. word class Danial Mohammadzadeh
- 2. Different words do different jobs in a sentence. oun n p pronoun pos re dete r tion i mine r adje c verb tive adverb conjunction These are called word classes.
- 3. Lexical categories Functional categories Morphological properties of English verbs
- 5. general names particular names Nouns 1 a noun is the name of a person, place, animal or thing just one more than one singular plural girl girls common noun proper noun girl Emma city Belfast city cities dog Fido fox foxes day Monday man men
- 6. singular noun for a plural group Nouns 2 collective nouns Nouns can be… abstract nouns idea ju stice hap pin ess grief wisdom am oup te gr k crowd floc class herd A group of words built round a noun is called a noun phrase. things you can’t see, hear, touch, smell The small boy with grubby knees was laughing. We had an interesting discussion about life. It acts like a noun in a sentence.
- 7. past tense e.g. ate was eating Verb 1 The verb is the word that tells you what’s happening in a sentence used to eat had eaten future e.g. will eat is going to eat present tense e.g. eats is eating Where more than one word is needed it’s called a verb chain.
- 8. imperative e.g. Stop! Mix the flour… Verb 2 Verbs can be… negative e.g. is not… cannot… don’t… interrogative e.g. What is she doing? May I have a drink? conditional e.g. may be… might have… could be… active or passive The monster ate the pie. The pie was eaten by the monster.
- 9. Nouns and Verbs Phrase(Art+N) eg. The books 1. Complement(V+Art+N) borrow the books 2. Subject eg. The rabbit ran. 3. Argument(complement and subject)
- 10. They can come before the noun… e.g. The huge fluffy monster Adjectives Adjectives tell you more about a noun. They can be… comparative or superlative. taller more enormous or after it… e.g. The monster was huge and fluffy. They can suggest degree… tallest most enormous rather tall quite ta ll tall ish extremely tall
- 11. Adverbs how? Adverbs fill in background detail about what happens. e.g. gently sadly happily comparative superlative more happily most happily degree quite happily extremely happily where? e.g. when? e.g. now then afterwards yesterday inside outside here there everywhere
- 12. in the garden in up Prepositions on on his best behaviour Prepositions after lunch after come at the with big teeth beginning of ith through the w a phrase. round the through years round corner unde over r under the arches over the rainbow up the stairs The phrases sometimes act like adjectives and sometimes like adverbs. adjectives… adverbs m or e us elling the dog t t abou The dog in the garden was barking. w The dog was barking i here was t bar king? in the garden.
- 14. Words which do not denote objects, ideas, etc. are known as function words and they belong to functional categories. They differed from nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and prepositions(content words) They differ: 1. In description of individual languages 2. In study of acquisition of language 3. In study of language disorders.
- 15. There is a relationship between content words and function words, that assigning words to lexical categories rely on specific types of function words.
- 16. an apple a book an Determiners a Nouns can be preceded by a definite or indefinite article that this he t the car that bag The articles the/a and the demonstratives belong to a class a function words called determiners n now k a re es t tha trativ s/ Thi emons as d Like your, his, her, its, our, their, the word my is half-way between a pronoun and a determiner.
- 17. Auxiliary verbs can will be Verbs can be ust preceded by a type m of function words which are known as auxiliaries verbs have They differ with lexical verbs in terms of “moving”, that lexical verbs do not move in a sentence while these verbs move. Also a sentence is negated by placing “not”( or n’t) after a n auxiliary.
- 18. Pronouns Singular A pronoun stands in place of a noun Plural First person Second person Third person we you they us you them his/hers/its our your their his/hers/its ours yours theirs First person Second person Third person I you he/she/it me you him/her/it my your mine yours myself yourself himself/herself /itself Any word that stands in for a noun (or noun phrase) is a pronoun, e.g. this, that, those, one ourselves yourselves themselves
- 19. time links Conjunctions causal links when while whenever before until after Conjunctions make links between words or phrases as since because in order that so that conditional links although if unless as long as Index and or but so place links where wherever
- 20. complementisers The subordinating conjunction “that” in modern linguistics are known as complementisers Tom wondered [if it will rain] Tom arranged [for Dick to leave early] Each of the bracketed clauses is a complement clause, since it serves as the complement of the bold-face verb. Index
- 21. Ver bs have a simple f or m which ar e called t he .base f or m Ther e ar e special f or ms of ver bs in a sent ence, t hat is a base f or m plus an ending – .s Eg. He plays baseball on Mondays. .Her e t he ver b agr ees wit h it s subj ect
- 22. 1. 2. 3. Daniel pr esent ed a pr esent at ion. Daniel is pr esent ing a pr esent at ion. Daniel has pr esent ed a pr esent at ion. The ver b “pr esent ed” in number 1 has indicat ed t he Tense of t he act ion. I n English we have r egular ver bs and ir r egular ones.
- 23. 2. Daniel is presenting a presentation. ing-form is sometimes referred to as present participle, but it is better to call them as progressive participle which is talking about an on-going action. The auxiliary “be” is referred to as a “progressive auxiliary” when it’s used in progressive aspect sentences.
- 24. 3. Daniel has presented a presentation. The “presented” in this sentence is wrongly called “past participle” of the verb “present”, which is must be called as “perfect participle”. The auxiliary “has” is referred to as a “perfect auxiliary” when it’s used in conjunction with a perfect participle.
- 25. When a wor d appear s in a var iet y of f or ms depending on it s gr ammat ical r ole in t he sent ence, we say t hat it inf lect s. A cat egor y like Tense is t her ef or e called an inf lect ional cat egor y. The cat egor y of Tense has t wo f or ms, past and nonpast in English. Eg. Took(past f or m) and t ake/ t akes(non-past f or m)
- 26. t he t r adit ional t er m used t o dist inguish sent ences in which t he r elat ions of subj ect and obj ect ar e changed is voice. 1. Daniel t ook a pict ur e of J ohn.( act ive par t iciple ) 2. A pict ur e of J ohn was t aken by Daniel.( passive par t iciple )
- 27. Skeleton Poster Books for GRAMMAR The End End Show