Europe, 1814-1914:Political Ideologies and Key Events

1. Europe, 1814-1914:
Political Ideologies
and Key Events

2. The Political Spectrum
Classical
Liberalism
Conservativism Autocracy/
Reactionary
Communism Socialism Radicalism/
Social Liberalism
left-wing center right-wing

3. Political Ideologies—Conservatism
• Conservatives upheld traditional Ancien Régime royal, aristocratic, and
Church power and sought controlled, slow social change.
• Reactionaries wanted to reverse political and social change and restore the
old order.

4. The Concert of Europe
• After Napoleon’s defeat, conservative
Austrian Prince Klemens von Metternich
organized the Congress of Vienna and
called for military intervention to crush
liberal revolutions to preserve legitimate
monarchies, peace, and the balance of
power.
Klemens von Metternich

5. The Concert of
Europe
• Prussia, Austria,
and Russia
formed the Holy
Alliance to
suppress
liberalism and
secularism. The
addition of
Britain and
France made the
Concert of
Europe.

7. The Concert of Europe
• Concert powers
intervened to
suppress liberal
revolutions.

8. Political Ideologies—Classical Liberalism
• Classical liberalism believed in
• popular sovereignty
• constitutional limits to state power
• guaranteed individual rights including freedom of speech, press, religion
• laissez-faire economics
• Many liberals wanted to limit suffrage to the wealthy by property
qualifications and feared democratic mob rule.

9. The Political Spectrum
Right-wing conservatives:
• traditional feudal social order
• divine right monarchy
• Church
• aristocracy
Left-wing liberals:
• constitutions
• popular sovereignty republicanism
• secularism
• civil liberties
• laissez-faire economics
• limited suffrage for property-
owning men
left-wing right-wing

10. Political Ideologies—Radicalism
• Anti-aristocratic middle class radicals wanted greater change. In addition to
constitutions based on popular sovereignty and guaranteed individual rights,
they wanted:
• expanded suffrage for men without property
• the abolition of aristocratic noble titles
• The British 1832 Reform Act enfranchised the middle class. The working class
Chartist movement (1836) unsuccessfully sought universal male suffrage.

11. The Political Spectrum
• Mid-1800s to early 1900s: The economic dominance of the landed
aristocracy was eclipsed by the new captains of industry.
• As capitalism became the new status quo, laissez-faire economics shifted to
the political right.
• Ideologies for the equitable distribution of wealth (social liberalism,
socialism, communism) emerged in the left wing appealing to the working
classes.

12. Political Ideologies—Social Liberalism
• Britain, 1905–1922: Liberal Party Prime
Minister David Lloyd George founded the
welfare state.
• The People’s Budget raised taxes on income,
inheritance, and land to fund social programs:
• free school meals
• affordable housing
• unemployment insurance
• old age pensions.
• Unions were strengthened, and suffrage was
expanded to poor men and women over age 30.

13. Political Ideologies—Utopian Socialism
• Utopian Socialists founded experimental communities based on cooperation,
not competition.
• French Count Henri de Saint-Simon wanted a planned economy managed by
“doers” (scientists, industrialists). He wanted war, poverty, and “parasites”
(traditional elite) to disappear and a society of true equality to emerge based
on “union of men engaged in useful work.”

14. Political Ideologies—Utopian Socialism
• British Robert Owen transformed the New Lanark, Scotland, textile mill into
a successful model industrial community. He later founded the failed
communal village at New Harmony, Indiana.

15. Political Ideologies—Marxist Socialism, or
Communism
• Marxist Socialism called for an
international proletariat revolution against
the aristocracy and bourgeoisie.
• Friedrich Engels reported on the Working
Class in England (1844).
• Karl Marx and Engels collaborated on the
Communist Manifesto (1848) urging
"Workers of the world, unite!" Das Kapital
(1867–1883) elaborated Marxist theory.
Interpreting history in
economic terms, Marx
predicted that socialism
would replace capitalism.
He called for the proletariat
to overthrow capitalism and
establish a classless society.

16. The Political Spectrum
Classical
Liberalism
Conservativism Autocracy/
Reactionary
Communism Socialism Radicalism/
Social Liberalism
left-wing center right-wing
working class middle class upper class
rule by
force
constitutional rule
rule by
force

17. The Political Spectrum
• Anarchism opposed all forms of state control.
Liberalism Conservativism Autocracy/
Reactionary
Communism Socialism Radicalism
left-wing center right-wing

18. Political Ideologies—Anarchism
• Anarchism opposed state control and
sought a society without government.
• French Pierre Joseph Proudhon
condemned concentrated wealth in
What Is Property? (1840). He believed
that planned societies were not
feasible and called for people to act
ethically of their own free will making
government unnecessary.

19. Political Ideologies—Anarchism
• Anarchists called for propaganda of the deed—uncoordinated individual
attacks against governments—that led to the assassinations of seven heads
of state and frequent bombings.

20. 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 19101810
1914:TripleEntenteofFrance,Russia,andGreatBritain;
WorldWarIerupted;andIrishHomeRuledelayed
1814-1815:Napoleondefeated;CongressofVienna
1820s-1830s:Liberalrevoltssuppressed
1830:GreekIndependence;BelgiumRevolution
1846:IrishPotatoFamine/Hungry’40s
1848:“SpringtimeofNations”Revolutions
1852:SecondFrenchEmpireborn
1853-1856:CrimeanWar
1861:AbolitionofRussianserfdom;USCivilWarbegan
1867:DualMonarchyofAustria-Hungaryformed
1870:Italyunited
1871:Franco-PrussianWar;Germanyunited
1878:BalkanindependencefromOttomanEmpire
1882:TripleAllianceofGermany,Austria-Hungary,andItaly
1890s-1910s:Pan-Germanism;Anti-Semitism
1905:Russo-JapaneseWar;RussianRevolutionof1905
1912-1913:BalkanCrises

21. Nationalism—Ethnic States
• Nationalism based
citizenship on jus
sanguinis (law of blood)
of common ethnic
ancestry and celebrated a
people’s language, faith,
culture, and history.
• It believed political
borders should match
ethnic
mother/father/homelands
.

22. Nationalism—Ethnic States
• It encouraged the formation of ethnic political nation-states through:
• the unification of disparate people (Germans, Italians, Slavs) into a single
political state
• the breakup of multiethnic empires (Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman,
Russian) into several states

23. 19c Nationalism
Unification of:
• Italy (1870)
• Germany (1871)
Independence Movements:
• Austrian-Hungarian Empire
• Russian Empire
• Ottoman Empire
• British Empire

24. Nationalism—Unifying
• Germany: J.G. Herder celebrated German language, patriotism. J.G. Fichte
recognized German volksgeist (national spirit). The Grimm Brothers studied
German folk culture.

25. Nationalism—Unifying
• Italy: Carbonari member Giuseppe Mazzini
founded liberal Young Italy (1831) to expel
Austrians and establish an Italian republic.
He inspired copycats Young Germany, Young
Poland, Young Turks, and Young Europe.

26. Nationalism—Unifying
• Balkans: Pan-Slavists
wanted to unite all Slavs.
They were most active
among Southern Slavs ruled
by Austrian and Ottoman
Empires.

27. Nationalism—Liberating
• Greece, 1821–1830: Romantic Lord Byron led
Britain, France, and Russia to support the
Greek War of Independence from the Turks.

28. Nationalism—Liberating
• The Dutch United
Provinces and the
Austrian Netherlands
were united in 1815 to
be a strong anti-French
buffer state.
• Belgium, 1830: The
French-speaking
Catholic south won
independence from the
Dutch-speaking
Protestant north in the
Belgian Revolution.

29. 1830 Revolution in Belgium
Belgians rose up to declare
their independence from
Holland. In Poland and Italy
similar uprisings, combining
nationalism with a desire for
self-governance, failed.
This painting illustrates the
popular nature of the
Belgian uprising by bringing
to the barricades men,
women, and children from
both the middle and the
working classes. (Musees
Royaux des Beaux-Arts de
Belgique)
1830 Revolution in Belgium

30. Irish Potato Famine
• Irish Catholics were
stripped of landownership
beginning mid-1600s. By
1800s most lived in dire
poverty under absentee
British landlords.
• 1781–1845: Irish
population doubled to 8
million due to potato
farming. 1–2 acres were
sufficient to feed a family.

31. Irish Potato Famine
• 1845–1851: Fungal
blight destroyed
potato crops. 1 million
died from starvation
and disease. 2 million
emigrated to Britain,
the United States,
Canada, and Australia.
• Ireland was the only
European nation with
declining population.

32. McDonald, The
Discovery of Potato
Blight in Ireland, 1847
An Irish family has dug
up its potato harvest
and discovered to its
horror that the blight
has rotted the crop.
Like thousands of Irish
families of the time,
this family now faces
the starvation and the
mass epidemics of the
Great Famine. (Dept
of Folklore, University
College Dublin)
McDonald, Discovery of Potato Blight

33. Nationalism—Liberating
• Ireland, 1800–1922:
Daniel O'Connell
sought repeal of the
Act of Union (1800)
binding Ireland to
Britain. Charles
Stewart Parnell fought
for Irish Home Rule.
• Irish self-government
won in 1914 but
postponed during
World War I.
"No Home Rule"
poster
Posters like this
one helped foment
pro-British,
anti-Catholic
sentiment in the
northern Irish
counties of Ulster
before the First
World War.
"No Home Rule" poster

34. 1848 Revolutions—Springtime
of Nations
• 1846–1848: Famine
increased grain prices
during the “Hungry ’40s”.
• Reduced consumer
spending led to industrial
job losses. Economic misery
and long-term repression
sparked the 1848
revolutions during the
“Springtime of Nations.”

35. 1848 Revolutions—Springtime of Nations
Middle and working classes sought:
• elimination of feudal institutions
• establishment of liberal, unified nation-states
• republican governments based on popular sovereignty
• universal male suffrage
• limits to church and state power
• free press
• individual rights
• increased worker control of production

36. 1848 Revolutions
• France, February 1848: The bourgeois-
friendly “Citizen King” Louis-Philippe’s
popularity faded as working class
conditions deteriorated.
• In February 1848 the National Guard joined
a protest by middle class liberals and
workers. Louis-Philippe abdicated.
1830-1848 – Louis-Philippe

37. Delacroix, Liberty Leading the
People
This has been called the first
political painting in modern
art. It idealizes and glorifies the
idea of liberty. Lady Liberty
holds a musket in one hand
and waves the tricolor flag of
the French Revolution in the
other, leading the people in
their armed revolt. Of special
note are the menacing figure
with the sword, on the left,
who represents the underclass,
and the street urchin
brandishing pistols. (Erich
Lessing/Art Resource, NY)
Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People

38. Constitutional Government,
Denmark
On March 21, 1848, 15,000
Danes, marched on the palace
to demand constitutional
rights. Unlike in the French
capital, this event was
peaceful and led to the
establishment of
constitutional government.
This painting honors the new
parliament that came into
being after the liberal
constitution was adopted in
1849. (Statens Museum fur
Kunst, Copenhagen)
Constitutional Government, Denmark

39. 1848 Revolutions
• Austria, March 1848:
Metternich was forced to
resign. Liberals set up an
assembly to draft a
constitution.
• Hungarians led by Lajos
Kossuth demanded home
rule, as did Czechs.
• The Austrian government
abolished peasant feudal
dues. Lajos Kossuth

40. 1848 Revolutions
• Germany, March 1848: Friedrich
Wilhelm IV promised a new
Prussian assembly during a revolt in
Berlin.
• The Frankfurt Assembly drafted a
liberal constitution for a unified
Germany.
• Frederick William IV refused the
crown because it would limit his
authority. Disappointed German
liberals moved to the United States.

41. 1848 Revolutions
• Alphonse de Lamartine helped establish the Second French Republic with
universal male suffrage. Socialist Louis Blanc set up “right to work” national
workshops for the unemployed funded by land taxes.

42. 1848 Revolutions
• The middle class was shocked by socialist
agendas and allied with conservatives to
strengthen the police and increase censorship.
• French middle class teamed with the
conservative Party of Order to crush a workers'
revolt during June Days.
• December: Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte elected
president of France in a national plebiscite.
1848 – Louis-Napoleon

43. 1848 Revolutions
• The Austrian army crushed revolts in Vienna and
Prague. 300,000 Russian troops reestablished
order in Hungary.
• Franz Josef (r. 1848–1916) took the throne of
Austria and reestablished absolute monarchy.
• Absolutism was reestablished in Prussia too.
1848-1916 – Franz Josef

44. Revolutionary Justice in Vienna
As part of the conservative resurgence,
in October 1848 the Austrian minister
of war ordered up reinforcements for
an army that was marching on
Hungary.
In a last defiant gesture, the outraged
revolutionaries in Vienna seized the
minister and lynched him from a
lamppost for treason. The army then
reconquered the city in a week of
bitter fighting. (Mary Evans Picture
Library/Photo Researchers)
Revolutionary Justice in Vienna

45. Revolutions in
Transylvania
This is a detail of
a larger painting
depicting Ana
Ipatescu, of the
first group of
revolutionaries in
Transylvania
against Russia.
(National
Historical
Museum
Budapest/
The Art Archive)
Revolutions in Transylvania

46. The Second French Empire
• 1852: Louis-Napoleon was constitutionally
barred from a second presidential term. He
led a coup, proclaimed himself Napoleon III
of the Second French Empire, and censored
his critics.
• Reforms: Public works, railroads, and
housing were built; lines of credit were
opened; Paris was redeveloped; bread prices
were lowered; and labor disputes were
mediated. The middle class saw the state as
a safeguard against socialism.

47. Portrait of Napoleon III
This portrait of Napoleon III is an example of official art
glorifying the French emperor, who reigned from 1852 to
1870. He is framed by a Roman statue on his right and the
imperial eagle on his left, both symbols of strength and
glory. (Giraudon/Art Resource, NY)
Portrait of Napoleon III

48. The Crimean War
• 1853–1856: Russia preyed on the
Ottoman Empire, the “Sick Man of
Europe.” The Turks were supported
by Britain and France.
• First military use of telegraph, war
photography.

49. The Crimean War
• Disease killed about 125,000 men.
Nurse Florence Nightingale campaigned
for better battlefield medicine.

50. The Crimean War
• Russia’s defeat led Tsar Alexander II to
recognize the need for Russian modernization.
He pushed liberal reforms, including serf
emancipation (1861). However, most Russians
remained impoverished tenant peasants.
• Austrian support for the Allies destroyed its
good relations with Russia. The weakened
Concert System let Germany and Italy unify
unopposed.
Alexander II

53. Italian Unification
• Italy was under Austrian control
after 1815.

54. Italian Unification
• 1820s–1840s: Liberal secret societies were
dedicated to Risorgimento (Rising Again).
• Giuseppe Mazzini started
Young Italy (1831) to establish a
constitutional republic but failed to do so
during the 1848 revolutions.

55. Italian Unification
• 1859–1860: Victor Emmanuel II and
Prime Minister Camillo Cavour of
Piedmont-Sardinia allied with the French
to drive Austria out of northern Italy.
Camillo Cavour,
1852

56. Italian Unification
• Giuseppe Garibaldi’s romantic
nationalistic Red Shirts
captured southern Italy.
Garibaldi set sail for
Sicily in May 1860,
with 1000 poorly
armed, red-shirted
followers, to help
the island overthrow
its Bourbon ruler.

57. Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel
This painting/fresco depicts the
historic meeting between
Giuseppe Garibaldi and King
Victor Emmanuel in 1860.
This meeting sealed the
unification of northern and
southern Italy in a unified state.
With only the sleeve of his red
shirt showing, Garibaldi offers his
hand--and his conquests--to the
uniformed king and his modern
monarchical government.
Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel

58. Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel
RIGHT LEG IN THE BOOT AT LAST
Garibaldi: “If it won’t go on, sire, try a little
more powder.”
Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel

59. Italian Unification
• Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of
Italy (r. 1861–1878). Venice (1866) and
the Papal State (1870) were added, and
the capital moved to Rome.

61. German Unification
1815-1871:
Three Germanies
1. Prussia
2. Austria
3. Independent German states

62. German Unification
German Question:
• Austria wanted
unification of all
Germans into
one Greater
Germany.
• Prussia backed a
smaller Germany
excluding
Austria.

63. German Unification
• Kleindeutsch
(Little Germany)
led by Prussia
• Grossdeutsch
(Big Germany)
led by Austria

64. German Unification
• Friedrich List
championed the
Zollverein custom
union (1834).

65. German Unification
• After the Frankfurt Assembly (1848) failed
when Frederick William IV of Prussia refused
the crown, Otto von Bismarck undertook
unification not by liberal “speeches and votes”
but by conservative “iron and blood.”
Otto von Bismarck

66. German Unification
• “The less people know about how sausages
and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at
night.”
• “Never believe in anything until it has been
officially denied.”
• “The great questions of the day will not be
settled by speeches and majority decisions—
that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by
blood and iron.”
Otto von Bismarck

67. German Unification
• Prussia launched three wars of
unification vs. Denmark (1864), Austria
(1866), and France (1870–1871).

68. German Unification
Franco-Prussian War, 1870–1871:
• Napoleon III of France was captured at the Battle of Sedan and deposed.

69. German Unification
Franco-Prussian War, 1870–1871:
• Prussians occupied Paris.
• Wilhelm I was crowned
Kaiser at Versailles.
Kaiser Wilhelm I
The ultimate blow to French pride was the proclamation of
the German Empire in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles.

70. German Unification
Franco-Prussian War, 1870–1871:
• Alsace-Lorraine was annexed,
and Germany became the
dominant continental power.

72. German Social Reforms
• German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck created the
first welfare state to undercut political support for
Socialists.
• The Sickness Insurance Law (1883) provided health
insurance.
• The Accident Insurance Law (1884) paid for medical
treatment and provided 2/3 of wages if fully
disabled.
• The Old Age Pension Law (1889) provided annuity
for workers over 70.

73. The Dual Monarchy of
Austria-Hungary
Multiethnic:
• German Austrians =
25% of population
• Hungarians = 20%
• Slavic minorities
(Czechs, Poles,
Ukrainians, Serbs,
Croatians, others)
= 50%,
• Italians = 3%
• 11 major languages
spoken

74. The Dual Monarchy of
Austria-Hungary
• 1867–1918:
Hungary gained
domestic self-rule
but shared foreign
policy with Austria.
• Liberal freedoms
were adopted.
• Slavs desired
greater autonomy.

75. The Dual Monarchy of
Austria-Hungary
• 1890s–1910s: Georg
Schönerer pushed Pan-
Germanism.
• Mayor of Vienna Karl
Lueger’s Christian
Socialism appealed to the
lower middle classes and
skilled labor.
• Both were anti-Semitic and
influenced Adolf Hitler.

77. Cover page of Die Wehr
One of many nationalist movements, the German
Army League ran organized campaigns for increases in
German army expenditures. Their newspaper enjoyed
a circulation of over 300,000.
This engraving from the cover page of a 1914 edition
of their newspaper suggests that just as Germans had
to rally for the fatherland in 1813 and 1870, so they
may again have to defend it.
(From The German Army League, Marilyn Shevin
Coetzee (Oxford University Press))
Cover page of Die Wehr

78. The Third French Republic
• 1870–1940: The Third French Republic
survived until Nazi occupation.
• It was beset by the Boulanger Affair,
Panama Canal Affair, and Dreyfus Affair.
Alfred Dreyfus

79. Dreyfus being shunned
Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish captain in the French
army, was falsely accused and convicted of
treason. Dreyfus receives an insulting guard of
dishonor from soldiers whose backs are
turned. Top army leaders were determined to
brand Dreyfus as a traitor.
Dreyfus being shunned

80. From the
postcard
series
"Museum
of Horror"
showing
Dreyfus

82. Anti-Semitism and Zionism
• The myth of the cursed, eternally
Wandering Jew came to represent the
stateless Jewish community in the
nationalistic era.
• Jews blamed for assassination of Tsar
Alexander II (1881). Russian anti-Semitic
pogroms killed about 250,000 Jews.
• French Dreyfus Affair convinced
Hungarian journalist Theodor Herzl to call
for a Jewish State (1896), which began the
Zionist movement. Theodor Herzl

83. Anti-Semitism and Zionism
• British Houston Stewart Chamberlain’s
Foundations of 19th Century (1899)
claimed civilization was saved from
Jewish corruption when Aryan Germans
invaded the Roman Empire.
Chamberlain feared race-mixing.
• Members of the Jewish Rothschild
family were the world’s richest bankers
reinforcing conspiracy theories. Russian
secret police chief’s Protocols of Elders
of Zion (1903) reported false global
domination plot by Jews.
“Rothschild,” a Jewish banker with the
world in his hands.
by C. Léandre; France, 1898

84. “The
biggest
usurer
in the
world”,
Vienna,
Austria
1910
Anti-Semitism and Zionism
• British Houston Stewart Chamberlain’s
Foundations of 19th Century (1899)
claimed civilization was saved from
Jewish corruption when Aryan Germans
invaded the Roman Empire.
Chamberlain feared race-mixing.
• Members of the Jewish Rothschild
family were the world’s richest bankers
reinforcing conspiracy theories. Russian
secret police chief’s Protocols of Elders
of Zion (1903) reported false global
domination plot by Jews.

85. Alliance Systems
• 1871: Bismarck practiced
realpolitik. He declared
Germany a "satisfied power"
and established alliances to
maintain a stable peace.
• 1882: Germany, Austria, and
Italy formed the Triple Alliance.

86. Alliance Systems
• 1888: Kaiser Wilhelm II dismissed Bismarck.
Kaiser Wilhelm II

87. Alliance Systems
• 1894: Fear of Germany led
Russia to ally itself with
France.
• 1914: The intensifying
German-British imperial rivalry
and naval arms race led Britain
to join France and Russia in
the Triple Entente.

88. Mass Politics
• The British Reform Acts of 1832,
1867, and 1884 expanded suffrage
from 10% of adult males to a
majority.
• Mid-1800s Britain: Conservatives
(evolved from Tories) were led by
Benjamin Disraeli. Liberals (evolved
from Whigs) were led by William
Gladstone. The parties competed for
voter loyalty by passing popular
reform. Keir Hardie founded the
Labour Party (1900).

89. Labor Unions and
Movements
• Unions were
legalized in Britain
(1872), France
(1884), and
Germany (1897).
• General strikes hit
Britain (1842),
Belgium (1894),
and Russia (1905).

90. Labor Unions and Movements
• Russian Social Democratic Party
(1898) was an illegal revolutionary
socialist party. Vladimir Lenin's
What Is to Be Done? (1902) called
for disciplined, centralized party
activists to be the "vanguard of the
proletariat.“
• Social Democratic Party of Germany
(SPD) was the largest German party
by 1912. Rosa Luxembourg called for
Mass Strike (1906).

91. Women's Rights and Suffrage
• Emmeline, Christabel, and Sylvia Pankhurst
led militant British Women's Social and
Political Union (1903) known for hunger
strikes, breaking windows, and burning
empty buildings.
• Attention-seeking suffragette Emily Davison
was trampled to death after leaping in front
of King George V's horse at Epsom Derby
(1913).

92. Russian Revolution of 1905
• 1905: Russia suffered a humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.

93. Russian Revolution of 1905
• 1905: Russia suffered a humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.

94. Russian Revolution of 1905
• 1905: Russia’s defeat sparked the liberal Revolution of 1905. A new
constitution was adopted, and the legislative Duma was formed.

95. 1905 "Freedom" poster
This peasant woman, who appears as the symbol of
radical demands in the Russian countryside in the
revolution of 1905, holds aloft a red socialist banner that
reads "Freedom!"
This vibrant drawing is on the first page of a new review
featuring political cartoons from the rapidly growing
Russian popular press. (New York Public Library, Slavonic
Division)
1905 "Freedom" poster

96. Balkan Crises
• 1878: Russia
championed
Pan-Slavism and
helped Romania,
Serbia,
Montenegro,
and Bulgaria win
independence.
• Austria-Hungary
annexed Bosnia-
Herzegovina.

97. Uprising in Bulgaria poster
This 1879 lithograph, Free Bulgaria, depicts Bulgaria
in the form of a maiden--protected by the Russian
eagle, breaking her chains, and winning liberty from
the Ottoman Empire. Semi-autonomy in 1879 was
followed by unification under Alexander of
Battenberg. (St. Cyril and Methodius National Library,
Sofia)
Uprising in Bulgaria poster

98. Balkan Crises
• Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Bulgaria,
Greece, Serbia, and Montenegro drove
the Turks from Macedonia and Albania
and then turned on each other.

99. 1820 1830 1840 1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 19101810
1914:TripleEntenteofFrance,Russia,andGreatBritain;
WorldWarIerupted;andIrishHomeRuledelayed
1814-1815:Napoleondefeated;CongressofVienna
1820s-1830s:Liberalrevoltssuppressed
1830:GreekIndependence;BelgiumRevolution
1846:IrishPotatoFamine/Hungry’40s
1848:“SpringtimeofNations”Revolutions
1852:SecondFrenchEmpireborn
1853-1856:CrimeanWar
1861:AbolitionofRussianserfdom;USCivilWarbegan
1867:DualMonarchyofAustria-Hungaryformed
1870:Italyunited
1871:Franco-PrussianWar;Germanyunited
1878:BalkanindependencefromOttomanEmpire
1882:TripleAllianceofGermany,Austria-Hungary,andItaly
1890s-1910s:Pan-Germanism;Anti-Semitism
1905:Russo-JapaneseWar;RussianRevolutionof1905
1912-1913:BalkanCrises