Building Java Microservices Cloud

Building Java (micro)services for the Cloud
The DHARMA principles
Daniel Bryant
Principal Consultant, Open Credo
daniel.bryant@opencredo.com
@danielbryantuk

Who Am I?
• Principal Consultant at OpenCredo
 Agile transformations
 DevOps methodologies
 Microservices and Cloud
• London Java Community Associate
• Adopt OpenJDK and JSR
27/11/2014 @danielbryantuk

The Current Industry Wish List…
• Service-Oriented Architecture
• Cloud-based deployments
• DevOps Culture

The Current Industry Wish List…
• Service-Oriented Architecture (microservices)
– Today!
• Cloud-based deployments
– Today!
• DevOps Culture
– “Moving to DevOps” @ DevoxxUK bit.ly/1BylnZb

The obligatory microservice definition…

Microservices…
• “SOA done right”
• “SRP” services
– “Java, The Unix Way” (bit.ly/1cX8VsS)
• “Small” codebase services
– 1000 LOC… 100… 10…?
• My personal opinion…

“Can I fit the service in my head?”

Common Cloud Problems
TL;DR…

Not respecting the underlying environment

Lack of application/platform monitoring…

Bizarre failure modes…
Three certainties in life:
Taxes, death and failure in production…

Difficulty in understanding
the new architecture

Confusion over environment provisioning and config

Not testing in the Cloud…
(hint: here be dragons!)

We’ve created the “Cloud DHARMA Principles”
to act as a checklist when building Cloud apps

dharma
/ˈdɑːmə,ˈdəːmə/
noun
1. Signifies behaviors that are considered to be in
accord with order that makes life and universe
possible (Hinduism)
2. "cosmic law and order”, but is also applied to
the teachings of the Buddha (Buddhism)

Documented (just enough)
Highly cohesive/loosely coupled (all the way down)
Automated from commit to Cloud
Resource aware
Monitored thoroughly
Antifragile

Documentation (just enough)
• Provide a map for developers (and QA, Ops)
• Component purpose and interface/contract
• Initialisation instructions (mocks/stubs)
• Highlight areas of operational risk

leanpub.com/software-architecture-for-developers
2277//1111//22010414 @@ddaanniieellbbrryyaanntutukk

Simon Brown’s C4 Model
@simonbrown
www.codingthearchitecture.com

API Docs with Swagger
helloreverb.com/developers/swagger

Create a PACT
github.com/DiUS/pact-jvm
martinfowler.com/articles/consumerDrivenContracts.html

High Cohesion / Loose Coupling
(all the way down…)
“Fit for purpose architecture,
throughout the system”
1. Architect for encapsulation
2. Architect for scalability
3. Architect for comprehension

Encapsulation: High Cohesion/Loose Coupling
• Code
• Modules
– Components (bit.ly/1n7D0vp)
– Services (bounded contexts)
• Public APIs
– PayPal (bit.ly/1hnZNly)
• Deployment
– 12factor.net

Are Microservices a Silver Bullet?
• Single Responsibility Principle
– Enforce service boundaries
– Bounded contexts (DDD)
• Separation of Concerns
– Encapsulate what varies
– Easier to scale/tune independently
• Is this a free-lunch? (bit.ly/1gSw4L7)

No!! Keep searching…
It’s all too easy to push complexity into
orchestration and communication
www.codingthearchitecture.com/2014/07/06/distributed_big_balls_of_mud.html

Scalability: The Three Ways

The Scaling Cube

The Scaling Cube
Splitting aka ‘Microservices’
Scaling requirements vary by ‘service’
Rate of code change varies by ‘service’
Uber-flexible distribution/scaling
Modeling & implementation non-trivial!
Cloning / Replication
You’re overly successful
(and in trouble!)
Easy to implement
Costly to run
Sharding
Scaling requirements vary by data
Current data store unit at capacity
Can be non-invasive
The decision of what to shard on?

Comprehension: Smashing the Monolith…
• Business functionality -“Cart Service”
– Noun, verb, SRP (slidesha.re/1owdJhh)
• Technology chunk - “Email Service”
• Vertical Slice - “Service per page”
– Groupon (vimeo.com/105880150)
• Horizontal Slice - “User Repo”
– An anti-pattern?

DZone’s Enterprise Integration Guide
dzone.com/research/guide-to-enterprise-integration

Automated from Commit to Cloud
• Continuous Integration
• Continuous Deployment
• Continuous Delivery

Build Pipeline
• Component Build
– Compile
– Unit Tests e.g. Maven Surefire
– Integration Tests (in-process) e.g. Maven Failsafe
• Deployment onto QA Cloud
– Probe health check endpoints
– Serverspec serverspec.org

Build Pipeline
• Acceptance Tests
– Cucumber (and Webdrivers)
– Use a Cloud environment!
• Performance Tests
– Jmeter + Jenkins performance plugin
– Make sure environment and data is realistic!!
• Live Deployment?

Microservice Pipeline
If you can’t deploy a service individually,
you’re probably aren’t creating ‘microservices’
Beware of the distributed monolith
“If you can't build a monolith, what makes you think microservices are the answer?”
@simonbrown bit.ly/1n7D0vp

Infrastructure: Say No To Snowflakes!
• Automate all provisioning (store in SCM)
• Link infrastructure code to service
– Take care with versioning service/infra code
• Approaches…
– Separate infra repo (tagged with service version)
– Include in service repo (e.g. DockerFile)

• Fry...
– Chef, Puppet, SaltStack, Ansible
– Bash, Python (Fabric)
– Vendor APIs
• …or bake?
– Packer.io
– Netflix Aminator

• Doing “Proper Development”
– Gareth Rushgrove at Craft Conf (bit.ly/1njuc49)
– Chef Conf (www.youtube.com/user/getchef)
• Local tooling/testing
– Vagrant (www.vagrantup.com)
– Docker (www.docker.io)
– Fig (www.fig.sh)

Configuring Apps in the Cloud
• Bundle config with app artifact
– Re-deploy entire app on change (easier with Docker?)
• Inject to app container on demand
– Deploy new local config file with each change
• Store externally
– Zookeeper & Curator curator.apache.org
– etcd github.com/coreos/etcd

Automating QA
• Intra-component integration testing
– Utilise embedded datastore/middleware
– Cucumber (typically via API/Webdriver & Serenity)
– Consider test UI for exploratory testing?
• Fault-tolerance
– Chris Batey’s Skillscast (bit.ly/1tU6wZj)
– WireMock + Saboteur (wiremock.org)
– “Scassandra” (github.com/scassandra)

Automating QA
• Inter-component integration testing
– The hardest part of SOA…
– Consider ‘synthetic txns’ (active monitoring)
– Consumer-driven Contracts github.com/DiUS/pact-jvm
• Service virtualisation
– VCR and Betamax (github.com/vcr/vcr)
– Mountebank (www.mbtest.org)
– Mock external services (e.g. Spring profiles)

QA: Further Inspiration
Toby Clemson @ martinfowler.com/articles/microservice-testing

Security: The Forgotten Part of QA
• Test credentials during automated acceptance
– Target third-party integration points
• OWASP top ten
– Zed Attack Proxy (bit.ly/1fjloVy, bit.ly/11Og39A)
– Exploratory (penetration testing)
• Stand on the shoulders of giants
– Creating your own crypto is not ‘cool’
– Neither is inventing a ‘new’ security algorithm

Deployment Platform: What you’ve got…

What you think you want…

What you actually get…
Fact: 9 out of 10 cheetahs prefer the
taste of an Ops team over tinned food

Thou Shalt Know they Cloud…
“Everything fails all the time [in the cloud]”
Werner Vogels, CTO, Amazon.com
• Everything is ephemeral
• Volatility
• Noisy (virtual) neighbours
– bit.ly/1w1HQy7

Thou Shalt Know thy Cloud…
• AWS “Magnetic” EBS 100 IOPS
– New SSD EBS 3K IOPS (burst, PIOPS available)
– My Mac SSD does 49K IOPS
• 1000Mbps network max transfer ~125MB/s
– My Mac does 400+ MB/s Sequential Write to SSD
Reference for Mac statistics: bit.ly/1ftJZH8

Cultivating “Mechanical Sympathy”
• Understand the underlying Cloud fabric
• Virtualisation
– Tech Target (bit.ly/1kDVqyG)
• Networking
– ‘Unix and Linux System Administration Handbook’
– AWS docs aws.amazon.com/documentation

Mechanical Sympathy by the Numbers
www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~rcs/research/interactive_latency.html

Thinking/Acting Operationally
• You write it, you run it… (“dev on call”)
• Learn Linux fundamentals
• Diagnostic skills
– top, netstat, vmstat, tcpdump
– Java utils: jps, jstat, jmap, jhat
– “DevOps Troubleshooting” by K. Rankin

Monitor All The Things!
• Infrastructure monitoring
– Nagios / Zabbix
– New Relic / AppDynamics
• Distributed Tracing
– twitter.github.io/zipkin
• Centralised Logging
– logstash.net

The ‘ELK’ Stack
blog.comperiosearch.com/blog/2014/08/14/elk-one-vagrant-box

Component Metrics
• Dropwizard’s Metrics
– metrics.codahale.com
– Spring Boot (bit.ly/1rGo76V)
• Netflix’s Servo
– github.com/Netflix/servo
• Etsy’s StatsD
– github.com/etsy/statsd/wiki

Health Checks

Gauges, Counters, Meters, Timers…

Graph It!
dashing.io

Phrase borrowed from Etsy!

Antifragile
• The opposite of fragile?
– Robust…
– Antifragile…
• Netflix are best-in-class
– bit.ly/1gs5n3q
• System must be robust first!

Design for Failure
• Distributed Computing Principles
– Jeff Hodges ‘Distributed Systems’ (bit.ly/1FeaVtt)
– Scalable Web Architecture (bit.ly/1tt703O)
– ‘For young bloods’ (bit.ly/1pKVepz)
• Design patterns
– Timeouts / retries
– Bulkheads / circuit-breakers

Timeouts
docs.guava-libraries.googlecode.com/…/concurrent/SimpleTimeLimiter.html

Retries
github.com/rholder/guava-retrying

Circuit-breaker/bulkhead
github.com/Netflix/Hystrix
projects.spring.io/spring-cloud/

Antifragile Patterns: Elastic Scaling
• Scalability Rules
– Design for scaling: D 30x, I 3x, D 1.5x
– Strive for statelessness
– Cache appropriately (and on own tier)
– Expose load metrics
– Separate deploy and release
– Favour async communication
– Avoid coordination and ACID

Antifragile Patterns: Elastic Scaling
Stateless components
Distributed data stores / caches

Antifragile Patterns: Async FTW
• Asynchronous Communication
– Message queue www.rabbitmq.com
– Pub/sub redis.io
• Take it to the next level
– Reactive github.com/ReactiveX/RxJava
– CQRS/ES martinfowler.com/bliki/CQRS.html

Antifragile Patterns: Respect the CAP
Eventual consistency (ACID vs BASE)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAP_theorem
cloudshankar.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/eventual-consistency.html
www.dataversity.net/acid-vs-base-the-shifting-ph-of-database-transaction-processing/

So, Cloud services are ‘done’ when…
Documented (just enough)
Highly cohesive/loosely coupled (all the way down)
Automated from commit to Cloud
Resource aware
Monitored thoroughly
Antifragile

Thanks For Listening!
• Massive thanks
– OpenCredo (@OpenCredo)
– www.notonthehighstreet.com
• Questions / comments?
– daniel.bryant@opencredo.com
– @danielbryantuk

Building Java Microservices Cloud

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