3. Blood tests used to determine the level of specific heart muscle enzymes. Cardiac proteins are released into the bloodstream when heart damage occurs, such as a myocardial infarction (MI). Measuring these enzymes is an important tool to diagnose heart disease. cardiac enzymes
4. cardiac enzymes CK or CPK (creatnine phosphokinase)-An enzyme released into the bloodstream 4-6 hours after damage to the heart occurs. Elevated levels usually (but not always) indicate heart muscle damage. T (toponin)-An enzyme released into the bloodstream 2-6 hours after heart cell damage occurs. Because it can detect damage earlier, it is a more reliable predictor of heart cell damage. LDH (lactic acid dehydrogenase)-An enzyme that helps produce energy. It is present in almost all types of the body. Many diseases can cause an increase in LDH levels.
5. doppler ultrasound A noninvasive test that can measure blood flow and blood pressure by bouncing high-frequency sound waves off circulating red blood cells.
6. Doppler studies can help detect these conditions blood clots poorly functioning leg vein valves heart valve defects and congenital heart disease arterial occlusion (blocked arteries) PAD (peripheral artery disease)-a decreased circulation of blood in the legs aneurysms narrowing of an artery (example: carotid artery stenosis)
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8. Holter monitors A machine worn continuously to record the heart rhythyms and electrical activity of the heart. The person wearing it should keep a diary of all activity, and the interpreting doctor compares the abnormal holter activity to what the person related they did.
10. Holter monitors may be used to diagnose these conditions Atrial fibrillation/flutter Palpitations Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia Reasons for syncope (fainting) Slow heart rate (bradycardia) ventricular tachycardia
