VOLLYBALL AND BASKETBALL LECTURE

VOLLEYBALL LECTURE &
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Basketball
BY: Jocelyn M. Gallegos

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VOLLEYBALL
Content:
1. History of Volleyball
2. Facilities and Equipment
3. Rules and Regulations
4. Fundamental Skills in Volleyball
5. Positions of the Players

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VOLLEYBALL HISTORY
Volleyball is a simple game which can be
played by anyone, at any level; its
worldwide popularity stems from the fact
that it can be played almost anywhere —
inside a sports hall or gymnasium, or
outside, on grass or sand. All that is
needed for a friendly game is a ball and a
net or rope to knock the ball over.

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GAME CHARACTERISTICS
Volleyball is a sport played by two teams on
a playing court divided by a net.
The object of the game is to send the ball
over the net in order to ground it on the
opponents court, and to prevent the same
effort by the opponent.
The team has three hits for returning the ball

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GAME CHARACTERISTICS
The ball is put in play with a service: Hit by
the server over the opponents’ playing court.
The rally continues until the ball is grounded
on the playing court of the opponent, goes
“out”, or a team fails to return it properly.
Each rally wins a point (Rally Point Scoring).
When the receiving teams wins a rally, it
gains a point and the right to serve, and its
players rotate one position clockwise

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HISTOTY OF VOLLEYBALL
Volleyball was invented in 1895 by William J.
Morgan, who was physical education director of
the YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He
developed the game to provide an indoor game for
the winter months in which relatively large groups
of men could participate in a small gym. The
principal features of tennis were employed, but the
net was raised and the players struck the bladder
of a basketball with their hands in stead of
racquets.

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Facilities and Equipment
1. Court Dimension
–Sideline = 18m long
–Endline = 9m long
–Height space = atleast 7m
–Boundary Lines = 5mm in width
–Center line = 5mm in width

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–Zone line = 3m from center line
–Freezone
•Indoor = 2m
•Outdoor = 3m
•International Competition, 5m
from the sidelines, 8m from the
endlines

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The Net - Vertical Side bands = 1m
long, 5cm wide
Antennae - fastened on the outer edge
of vertical side band extending 80cm
above the top of the net
* Height – measured from the center of
the court
• •2.43m from the floor for men
• •2.24m from the floor for the women

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Poles
• Height = 2.55m
• Distance from the sideline between
0.05m to 1m
• Fixed to the playing surface

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THE BALL - An inflated leather ball
65-67cm in circumference and
weighing between 260 and 280
grams (9-10 ounces) is used.
It is some what smaller than a
basketball and resembles a soccer
ball or water polo ball size.

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Officials
1st Referee
–Seated or standing on a stand located at the end
of the net
–Directs the match from start till end
–Has authority over all officials and members of the
team
–His decision is final. Authorized to over rule the
decision of other officials if they are mistaken
–Can replace officials
–Has the power to decide on any matter involving
the game including those not provided in the rules

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Officials
–Performs the toss with the team captains
–Controls the teams’ warming-up
–Authorizes to sanction misconducts or
delays
–Decides upon the faults of the server and of
the positions of the serving team, including
the screen
–Decides upon the fault in playing the ball,
the faults above the net, and at its upper part

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Officials
2nd Referee or Umpire
–Stand outside the court near the post on the opposite
side facing the referee
–Assistant of the 1st referee
–May replace the 1st referee if he cannot continue his
work
–May signal faults outside his jurisdiction but may not
insist on them to the 1st referee
–Controls the players in the warm-up area
–Authorizes interruptions, controls the duration, and
rejects improper requests

–He controls the number of time-outs and
substitutions used by each team and reports the 2nd
time out and the 5th and 6th substitutions to the 1st
referee and the coach concerned
- Has the power to decide on any matter involving the
game including those not provided in the rules
–Performs the toss with the team captains
–Signals the position faults of the receiving team
–Contact of the players with the net and the antenna
–The attack-hit or block faults of the back row players
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scorer
–Seated at the scorers table on the opposite side of the court
facing the 1st referee
–Keeps the score sheet according to the rules, cooperating the
2nd referee
–Uses a buzzer to give signal to referees on the basis of his
responsibilities
–Records the starting line-up of each team from the ine-up sheet
–Records the point scored
–Controls the serving order
–Records the time out and players substitution
–Announces to the referees the end of the sets and the scoring of
the 8th point
–Records the sanctions, warning, penalties
–Records the final results

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officials
Linesmen or Line Judges
–If there are 4-line judges, they stand in the free zone
at 1 at 3m from each corner of the court
–Perform their functions by using a flag
–Signal if the ball is “in” or “out”
–Signal the touches of “out” balls by the team
receiving the ball
–Signal when the ball touches the antenna,
–Signal the foot faults of the server
–Must repeat his signal upon request of the 1st
referee

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participants
Players
–Team is composed of a maximum of 12 players
–Each team has the option to register among the
their 12 players, one (1) specialized defensive
player “libero”
–Those in the playing court assume the position as
LF(left forward), CF (center forward), RF (right
forward), LB(left back), CB (center back), RB (right
back),
–Must know and abide the official volleyball rules

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participants
Team Captain
–Should be indicated in the roster and identified
inside the court. If not in the court, another player
will be designated as team captain, “game
captain”
–Represent the his team in the toss
–Authorized to speak to the referee while the ball
is out of play

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participants
Coach
–Conducts the play of his team from outside the playing court
–Selects starting line-ups, request substitutes, takes time-outs
–Contacting official is the 2nd referee
Assistant Coach
–Sits on the team bench but has no right to intervene in the
match
–Should the coach have to leave the team, he may at the
request of the game captain with the authorization of the 1st
referee, assume the coach’s functions.

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Rules & regulation
Playing Format:
•To score a point
–Successfully grounding the ball on the opponents court
–Opponent’s team commits a fault
–Opponent’s team commits a penalty
–Playing fault
•If two or more faults are committed successively, only the
first one is counted
•If two or more faults are committed by opponents
simultaneously, a double fault is called and the rally is
replayed

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Rules & regulation
Playing Format:
•To win a set
–A set (except the deciding, 5th set) is won by the
team which first scores 25 points with a minimum
lead of two points. In the case of a 24-24 tie, play is
continued until a two-point lead is achieved (26-24;
27-25; …).Opponent’s team commits a fault
•To win a match
–The match is won by the team that wins three sets.
–In the case of a 2-2 tie, the deciding set (the 5th) is
played to 15 points with a minimum lead of 2 points.

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Rules & regulation
Playing Format:
•Default and incomplete team
–If a team refuses to play after being summoned to do so, it
is declared in default and forfeits the match with the result
0-3 for the match and 0-25 for each set.
–A team that, without justifiable reason, does not appear on
the playing court on time is declared in default with the
same result as above
–A team that is declared INCOMPLETE for the set or for the
match, loses the set or the match. The opponent team is
given the points, or the points and the sets, needed to win
the set or the match. The incomplete team keeps its points
and sets.

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Rules & regulation
Structure of the play:
•The Toss
–Before the match, the first referee carries out a toss to decide
upon the first service and the sides of the court in the first set.
–If a deciding set is to be played, a new toss will be carried
out.
–The toss is taken in the presence of the two team captains.
–The winner of the toss chooses:
•EITHER the right to serve or to receive the service
•OR the side of the court.
•The loser takes the remaining choice.
–In the case of consecutive warm-ups, the team that has the
first service takes the first turn at the net.

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Rules & regulation
•Warm-up Session
–Prior to the match, if the teams have
previously had a playing court at their disposal,
they are entitled to a 6-minute warm-up period
together at the net; if not, they may have 10
minutes
–If either captain requests separate
(consecutive) warm-ups at the net, the teams
may do so for 3 minutes each or 5 minutes each

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Rules & regulation
•Team Line up
–There must always be six players per team in play.
–The team's starting line-up indicates the rotational order of the
players on the court. This order must be maintained throughout the
set.
–Before the start of each set, the coach has to present the starting
line-up of his/her team on a line-up sheet. The sheet is submitted,
duly filled in and signed, to the second referee or the scorer.
–The players who are not in the starting line-up of a set are the
substitutes for that set.
–Once the line-up sheet has been delivered to the second referee or
scorer, no change in line-up may be authorized without a regular
substitution.

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Rules & regulation
•Team Line up
–Discrepancies between players’ position on court and on
the line-up sheet are dealt with as follows:
•when such a discrepancy is discovered before the start of
the set, players' positions must be rectified according to that
on the line-up sheet - there will be no sanction;
•when, before the start of the set, a player on court is found
not to be registered on the line-up sheet of that set, this
player must be changed to conform to the line-up sheet -
there will be no sanction

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Rules & regulation
•Positions
–The positions of players are determined and controlled
according to the positions of their feet contacting the ground as
follows:
•each front-row player must have at least a part of his/her foot
closer to the centre line than the feet of the corresponding
back-row player;
•each right (left) side player must have at least a part of his/her
foot closer to the right (left) sideline than the feet of the centre
player in that row
–After the service hit, the players may move around and occupy
any position on their court, and the free zone.

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Rules & regulation
•Positional Fault
–The team commits a positional fault, if any player is not in
his/her correct position at the moment the ball is hit by the
server.
–If the server commits a serving fault at the moment of the
service hit, the server's fault is counted before a positional fault.
–If the service becomes faulty after the service hit, it is the
positional fault that will be counted.
–A positional fault leads to the following consequences:
•the team is sanctioned with a point and service to the
opponent;
•players' positions are rectified.

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Rules & regulation
• Substitution of players:
–A substitution is the act by which a player, enters the game to
occupy the position of another player, who must leave the court
at that moment.
–Substitution requires the referee's authorization.
•Limitations
–Six substitutions is the maximum permitted per team per set. One or
more players may be substituted at the same time.
–A player of the starting line-up, may leave the game, but only once in a
set, and re-enter, but only once in a set, and only to his/her previous
position in the line-up.
–A substitute player may enter the game in place of a player of the
starting line-up, but only once per set, and he/she can only be
substituted by the same starting player.

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Rules & regulation
Structure of the play :
•ROTATION
–Rotational order is determined by the team's starting line-up, and
controlled with the service order, and players' positions, throughout the set.
–When the receiving team has gained the right to serve, its players rotate
one position clock-wise: the player in position 2 rotates to position 1 to
serve, the player in position 1 rotates to position 6, etc.
•ROTATIONAL FAULT
–A rotational fault is committed when the SERVICE is not made according to the rotational
order. It leads to the following consequences:
•the team is sanctioned with a point and service to the opponent;
•the players' rotational order is rectified.
–Additionally, the scorer should determine the exact moment when the fault was committed
and all points scored subsequently by the team at fault must be cancelled. The opponent's
points remain valid.
–If that moment cannot be determined, no point(s) cancellation takes place, and a point and
service to the opponent is the only sanction.

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Rules & regulation
• Substitution of players:
•Exceptional
–A player who cannot continue playing due to injury or illness,
should be substituted legally. If this is not possible, the team is
entitled to make an EXCEPTIONAL substitution
–An exceptional substitution means that any player who is not
on the court at the time of the injury, his/her replacement
player, may be substituted into the game for the injured player.
The substituted injured player is not allowed to re-enter the
match.
–An exceptional substitution cannot be counted in any case as a
regular substitution.

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Rules & regulation
Substitution of players:
•For Expulsion or Disqualification
–An EXPELLED or DISQUALIFIED player must be substituted
immediately through a legal substitution. If this is not possible,
the team is declared INCOMPLETE.
•Illegal
–A substitution is illegal, if it exceeds the limitations indicated
–When a team has made an illegal substitution and the play has
been resumed the following procedure shall apply:
•the team is penalized with a point and service to the opponent,
•the substitution is rectified,
•the points scored by the team at fault since the fault was
committed are cancelled. The opponent’s points remain valid.

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Rules & regulation
• Playing Actions:
•States of play
–Ball in play
•The ball is in play from the moment of the hit of the
service authorized by the first referee
Ball out of play
•The ball is out of play at the moment of the fault which
is whistled by the referee.
•The ball is also out of play in the absence of the fault
before the moment of the whistle by the referee to begin
the game

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Rules & regulation
Playing Actions:
• •States of play
–Ball “IN”
•The ball is “in” when it touches the floor at the playing court including the
boundary lines
–Ball “OUT”
The ball is “out” when:
–The part of the ball which contacts the floor is completely outside the
boundary lines.
–It touches an object outside the court, the ceiling, or a person out of play.
–It touches the antenna, ropes, posts, or outside the side bands.
–It crosses the vertical plane of the net totally or even partly outside the
crossing space during service or into the opponent’s court.
–It crosses completely the lower space under the net.

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Rules & regulation
Playing Actions:
•Playing the ball
Team hits - A team is entitled to a maximum of three hits in
addition to blocking for returning the ball. If more are used, the
team commits the fault of FOUR HITS.
•The hits of the team include not only intentional hits by the
players, but also unintentional contacts with the ball as such as:
Consecutive Contacts - A player may not hit the ball two times
consecutively
Simultaneous Contacts - Two or three players may touch the
ball at the same moment

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Rules & regulation
»When two (three) teammates touch the ball simultaneously, it is
counted as two (three) hits (with exception of blocking). If they reach for
the ball , but only one of them touches it , one hit is counted. A Collision
of players does not constitute a fault.
»When two opponents touch the ball simultaneously over the net and
ball remains in play, the team receiving the ball is entitled to another
three hits. If such a ball goes “out”, it is the fault of the team on the
opposite side.
Assisted Hit - Within the playing area, players are not permitted to take
support from a teammate or any structure/object in order to reach the
ball
»However, a player who is about to commit a fault (touch the net or
cross the center line) may be stopped or held back by a teammate

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Rules & regulation
Playing Actions:
•Playing the ball
Characteristics of the Hit
•The ball may touch any part of the body
•The ball must be hit, not caught and/or thrown. It can rebound in any
direction
•The ball may touch various part of the body, provided that the contacts
take place simultaneously.
Exception:
• •At blocking, consecutive contact may be made by or by one more
blocker(s) provided that the contact occurs during one action.
• •At the first hit of the team, the ball may contact various parts of the body
consecutively provided that the contacts occur during one action.

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Rules & regulation
•Playing the ball
–Faults in playing the ball
Four Hits –A team hits the ball four times before returning it
Assisted Hit –A player takes support from a teammate or any
structure/object within the playing area in order to reach the
ball
Catch –A player does not hit the ball, and the ball is caught
and/or thrown.
Double Contact –The player hits the ball twice in succession or
the ball contacts various parts of his/her body in succession

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Rules & regulation
Playing Actions:
•Ball in the net
–Ball Crossing the Net - The ball sent to the opponent’s court must go over
the net within the crossing spaced. The crossing space is the part of the
vertical plane of the limited space as follows:
–Below, by the top of the net
–At the sides, by the antennae and their imaginary extension
–Above, by the ceiling
•The ball has crossed the net plane to the opponent’s free zone totally or
played back within the team hits provided that:
–The opponent’s court is not touched by the player
–The ball when played back crosses the net plane again outside the crossing
space on the same side of the court
–The opponent team may not prevent such action
•The ball is “OUT” when it crosses completely the lower space under the net

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Rules & regulation
Ball in the net
A ball driven into the net may be
recovered within the limits of the three
team hits, except the service.
If the ball rips the mesh of the net or tears
it down, rally is cancelled and replayed
except service

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Rules & regulation
Service, Attack hits, & Blocking:
First Service in a set –the first service in a set as well as that of
the deciding set is executed by the team determined by the toss.
–The other sets will be started with the service team that did
not serve first in the previous set
Service order –After the first service in a set, the player to serve
is determined as follows:
- When the serving team wins a rally, the player (or his/her
substitute) who served before, serves again
- When receiving team wins a rally, it gains the right to serve
and rotates before actually serving. The player who moves from
front–right position to the back-right position will serve.

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Rules & regulation
Authorization of the service –the first referee authorizes the service after
having checked that the two teams are ready to play and that the server is in
possession of the ball.
Execution of the service –The ball shall be hit with one hand or any part of
the arm after being tossed or released from the hand(s).
–Only one toss or release of the ball is allowed. Dribbling or moving the ball in
the hands is permitted.
–At the moment of the service hit or take-off for a jump service, the server must
not touch the court (the end line included) or the floor outside the service zone.
–After the hit, he/she may step or land outside the service zone, or inside the
court.
–The server must hit the ball within 8 seconds after the first referee whistles for
service.
–A service executed before the referee's whistle is cancelled and repeated

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Rules & regulation
Screening - The players of the serving team must not prevent their opponent, through
individual or collective screening, from seeing the server or the flight path of the ball.
Individual Screen - A player of the serving team makes an individual screen by waving arms,
jumping or moving sideways, during the execution of the service, or by standing grouped to hide
the flight path of the ball.
Collective Screen - A group of players of the serving team makes a screen or by standing
grouped to hide the flight path of the ball.
Serving faults –The following faults lead to a change of service even if the opponent is out of
position. The server:
•violates the service order,
•does not execute the service properly.
–After the ball has been correctly hit, the service becomes a fault (unless a player is out of
position) if the ball:
•touches a player of the serving team or fails to cross the vertical plane of the net completely
through the crossing space;
•touches the net
•goes "out“
•Passes over an individual or collective screen

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Rules & regulation
Serving faults and Positioning –If the server makes a fault at the
moment of the service hit (improper execution, wrong rotational order, etc.)
and the opponent is out of position, it is the serving fault which is
sanctioned.
–Instead, if the execution of the service has been correct, but the service
subsequently becomes faulty (goes out, goes over a screen, etc.), the
positional fault has taken place first and is sanctioned.
•Attack-Hit –All actions which direct the ball towards the opponent,
with the exception of service and block, are considered as attack hits.
–During an attack hit, tipping is permitted only if the ball is cleanly hit, and
not caught or thrown.
–An attack hit is completed at the moment the ball completely crosses the
vertical plane of the net or is touched by an opponent.

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FACLILITIES AND
EQUIPMENT USED FOR
THE GAME BASKETBALL

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FACLILITIES AND
EQUIPMENT USED FOR THE
GAME BASKETBALL
The only essential equipment in
basketball is the basketball and the
court: a flat, rectangular surface with
baskets at opposite ends.

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Basketball Court
 For the international games is 28 by 15 meters
(approx. 92 by 49 ft.)
 >The National Basketball Association (NBA) is
94 by 50 feet (29 by 15 m). Most courts are
made of wood.
 A steel basket with net and backboard hang
over each end of the court. At almost all levels
of competition, the top of the rim is exactly
10 feet (3.05 m) above the court and 4 feet
(1.2 m) inside the baseline.

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BACKBOARD
• A backboard is a piece
of basketball equipment. It is a
raised vertical board with a basket
attached. It is made of a flat, rigid
piece of material, often plexi glass. It
is usually rectangular as used
in NBA, NCAA and international
basketball..

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BACKBOARD
• Size of a basketball backboard
Width: 6 feet (72 inches)
Height: 3.5 feet (42 inches)
Size of a basketball rim
The diameter of the rim is 18”

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BASKET NET
The net shall be made by a white
cord shall be:
1. Suspended from the ring
2. Manufactured so they check the ball
momentarily as it pass through the
basket.

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BASKET NET
3. No less than 400 mm. and no more
450 in length
4.Manufactured with 12 loops to
attach it to the ring.

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BASKET NET
5. The upper section of the net shall
be semi-rigid to prevent:
The net from rebounding up through
over the ring, creating possible
etanglement.
The ball from becoming trapped in
the net or rebounding back out of the
net.

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THE BALL
CIRCUMFERENCE – between 75
and 78 cm. (29.5 and 30.25 inches)
WEIGHT – 600 and 650 grams. (20
and 22 oz).
AIR PRESSURE – around 8 lbs.

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THE BALL
The ball is round and the outer casing
should be either Leather, Rubber or
other suitable Synthetic materials

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CLOTHING
Players each team should wear the
same outfits which must not clash
with the opposing team and wear a
numbered shirt and no two players
in the same team should wear the
same number.
Players are numbered between 4
and 15.

MENS BASKETBALL SHOES
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CLOTHING
 Loose-fitting shorts for mobility, and
sleeveless vests are the standard attire.
 Basketball shoes should be rubber-soled and
with protected ankle supports, although these
are not necessary.
 Most important of all, make sure your clothing
is comfortable. It is important to wear towelled
socks; and it is not a bad idea to buy a pair of
shoes a little too big to enable you to wear two
pairs of socks which will reduce the risk of
blistering.

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GAME CLOCK
This is a clock that runs whenever
the ball is in play, and stops whenever
the ball goes out of bounds or when
a fool is committed.
Goal Tending .
Game Clock Operation — Last Minutes
of Play/Field Goal. The clock stops after
a successful field goal.

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Game Clock
 Shows how much time remains in the game.
Give-and-go: A fundamental offensive play in
which a player passes to a teammate, then
cuts to the basket and receive a quasi-immediate
return pass for
an open layup or dunk.
 Tracks remaining game time. Regulation play
in the NBA is divided into 12 minute quarters
(10 minutes in the WNBA. College games are
split into 20 minute halves
Give and Go.

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SCOREBOARD
> is a large board for publicly
displaying the score in a game or
match. Most levels of sport from high
school and above use at least one
scoreboard for keeping score,
measuring time, and displaying
statistics.

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FOUR-SIDED
SCOREBOARDS

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SINGLE –SIDED
SCOREBOARD

FUNCTION AND POSITIONS
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OF PLAYER
4.. Skilled
rebounder

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OF PLAYER
1. POINT GUARD – This player is typically the
best dribbler and passer on the team. The
point guard is sometimes called the floor
general, which indicates the key role that the
point guard plays.
2. Shooting guard - The shooting guard, also
called the two guard, is typically a team's best
outside shooter on the team. This player
flanks the point guard and moves around the
court to try to create some space to take a
shot that is uncontested by the opposition.

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OF PLAYER
• 3. Small forward - The small forward is
typically a better outside shooter than a power
forward and is usually smaller than a power
forward.
• 4. Power forward - The power forward is
usually near the basket and moves from one
side of the basket to the other to try to get free
from the opposition player that is guarding him.
Power forwards also are skilled rebounders.

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OF PLAYER
5.Center - is the tallest player on the
team. The center's role is to establish
a position near the basket to allow
him/herself an easy jump shot. On
defense, the center attempts to block
shots and grab rebounds.

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VOLLYBALL AND BASKETBALL LECTURE

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