Venous and capillary blood can be collected for laboratory testing. Capillary blood is collected via finger or heel stick and is used for small volume tests like hemoglobin and blood smears due to limited sample size. Venous blood provides larger samples and is required for tests needing anticoagulation via collection in tubes. The vacutainer method is commonly used for venous collection involving a needle, holder and tubes of varying colors corresponding to different anticoagulants and additives. Proper identification, site preparation using alcohol, and bleeding control techniques must be followed to ensure accurate and safe collection.
2. Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter the student will be able to:
• List the safety precautions that should be taken and observed in
blood collection
• Identify the tests that are done on capillary blood
• Indicate the anatomical sites of capillary blood collection
• Perform the procedure of capillary blood collection by skin
puncture
• List the advantages and disadvantages of capillary blood sample
• Distinguish the laboratory tests for which venous blood is
required
3. Objectives cont’d
• Indicate the anatomical sites of venous blood collection
• Perform venous blood collection
• List the advantages and disadvantages of venous blood sample
• Explain the difference between capillary and venous blood
• Explain complications of venous blood sample collection
• Describe arterial blood collection
• List the advantages of the vacutainer method of venous blood
collection over the syringe method
• Identify the watch word in preventing hemolysis in a sample of
blood
• Exercise ethical handling of patients
4. Outline
• Introduction to sample collection
• Capillary blood collection
• Venous blood Collection
• Difference Between capillary and Venous Blood
• Complication of venous blood collection
• Arterial blood collection
5. 3.1. Introduction to sample collection
• proper collection and reliable processing of blood specimens is a
vital part of the laboratory diagnostic process in hematology as
well as other laboratory disciplines.
• Blood must be collected with care and adequate safety precautions
to ensure:
– test results are reliable
– contamination of the test sample is avoided and
– infection from the blood transmissible pathogens is prevented.
6. Introduction cont’d
• All material of human origin should be
regarded as potentially infectious
• When collecting blood sample, the
operator should wear disposable
rubber gloves
• The operator is also strongly advised
to cover any cuts, abrasions or skin
breaks on the hand with adhesive tape
before wearing gloves
All material of human
origin should be
regarded as
potentially infectious!!
7. Introduction cont’d
• Care must be taken when handling syringes and needles
• Do not recap used needles by hand
– needle-stick injuries are the most commonly encountered
accidents.
• When a needle-stick injury occur:
– immediately remove gloves
– vigorously squeeze the wound while flushing the bleeding
with running tap water
– thoroughly scrub the wound with cotton balls soaked in 0.1%
hypochlorite solution.
– Report to supervisor immediately
• Adhere to national guideline on HIV exposure risk regarding post
exposure prophylaxis (PEP)
8. Introduction cont’d
• Used disposable syringes , needles, other sharp items such as
lancets must be placed in puncture-resistant container for
subsequent decontamination or disposal.
9. 3.2. Capillary blood collection
• Also referred to as microblood samples
collection/dermal puncture
– Is collecting blood after an incision is made to the skin
with a lancet
• Preferred when only small quantities of blood are
required
– e.g., for hemoglobin quantitation, for WBC and RBC
counts and for blood smear preparation
10. Capillary blood collection cont’d
• Also used when venipuncture is impractical, e.g.,
– In infants
– In cases of severe burns
– In extreme obesity where locating the veins could be a problem
– In patient whose arm veins are being used for intravenous
medication
11. Capillary blood collection cont’d
• Sites of Puncture
– Adults and children:
• Palmer surface of the tip of the ring or middle finger or free
margin of the ear lobe
– Infants: plantar surface of the big toe or the heel
15. Capillary blood collection cont’d
Considerations:
• Edematous, congested and cyanotic sites should not be
punctured.
• Cold sites should not be punctured as samples collected from cold
sites give falsely high results of hemoglobin and cell counts.
• Site should be massaged until it is warm
16. 3.2.1. Capillary sample collection method
• Materials Required
– Cotton or gauze pads
– 70% alcohol or other
skin antiseptic
– sterile disposable lancet
(Automatic lancet)
17. Capillary sample collection method cont’d
Technique:
1. Rub the site vigorously with cotton or a gauze pad moistened
with 70% alcohol
– to remove dirt and epithelial debris and
– to increase blood circulation in the area
• If the heel is to be punctured, it should first be warmed by
immersion in a warm water or applying a hot towel compress.
Otherwise values significantly higher than those in venous blood
may be obtained
18. Cont’d
2. After the skin has dried, make a puncture 2-3mm deep with a
sterile lancet.
– A rapid and firm puncture should be made with
control of the depth.
• A deep puncture is no more painful than a superficial one
and makes repeated punctures unnecessary
19. Cont’d
– The first drop of blood which contains tissue juices
should be wiped away
– The site should not be squeezed or pressed to get
blood since this dilutes it with fluid from the tissues.
• a freely flowing blood should be taken or a moderate
pressure some distance above the puncture site is
allowable
20. Capillary blood collection cont’d
3. Stop the blood flow by applying slight pressure at the site
preferably with a gauze pad
– Cotton balls are not recommended, because they stick to
the site and can initiate bleeding
• Advantages of Capillary Blood
– obtained with ease.
– the preferred specimen for making peripheral blood
films since no anticoagulant is added that may affect
cell morphology
21. Cont’d
• Disadvantages of Capillary Blood
– only small amounts of blood can be obtained and
repeated examinations require a new specimen.
– Platelet count cannot be performed on capillary
blood
• some platelets are unavoidably lost by adherence onto the
wound.
– Precision is poorer in capillary than venous blood
• because of variation in blood flow and dilution with
interstitial fluid.
– Blood in microtubes frequently hemolyse
• hemolysis interferes with most laboratory tests.
22. 3.3. Venous Blood Collection
• Collection of blood from the vein (venipuncture)
• Also referred to as phlebotomy
• Phlebotomy – the act of drawing or removing blood from the
circulatory system through a puncture to obtain a specimen for
analysis and diagnosis
• Necessary for most tests that require anticoagulation or larger
quantities of blood, plasma or serum.
• Sites of Puncture
– Veins of the forearm are preferred; wrist or ankle can also be
used
– veins in the antecubital fossa of the arm are the preferred
sites
• they are larger than those in the wrist or ankle regions
• hence are easily located and palpated in most people.
23. The three main veins in the forearm
1. Medial Cubital
– First choice well
anchored and easy to
penetrate
2. Cephalic
– On the outside surface
– Well anchored
3. Basilic
– Not well anchored,
tends to roll, painful
and can cause nerve
damage Anterior surface of the left arm showing
veins most suitable for venepuncture.
24. Venous Blood Collection cont’d
Venous blood collection in infants and children
• presents special problems
– small size of the veins
– difficulty in controlling the patient; needs excellent
interpersonal skill
– Require experience
• Areas also used for obtaining blood
– external jugular vein in the neck region
– femoral vein in the inguinal
25. Venous Blood Collection cont’d
• Materials:
– Gloves
– vacutainer tube
– vacutainer tube holder and Two-way needle
– sterile syringe and needle (if the syringe method is used)
– tourniquet
– gauze pads or cotton,
– 70% alcohol or suitable skin antiseptic
– test tubes with or without anticoagulant (for syringe method)
– Sharp container
– Band Aid (to stop further bleeding)
27. Needles
• Sterile, Disposal and for
Single use only
• Color coded for size or gauge
• Hollow stainless steel shafts
• Bevel or slant at the end
• The gauge number of a
needle is inversely related to
the bore size
• The smaller the gauge
number, the larger the bore
28. Needle Features
• Bevel or slant:
– Must face up
• Shaft:
– cylindrical portion, length ranges
from 0 .65 to 3.80 cm
• Hub:
– attaches the needle to the holder
• Gauge:
– The size of the needle, refers to
the diameter of the needle
29. Needle
• Needle Size or Gauge depends on the
size and depth of the vein to be
punctured
• Gauge is the diameter of the needle
• The larger the gauge number the
smaller the needle
• Range from 16 – 25
• Routine: 21 gauge
• Children: 23 gauge
• Most common used 21g by 3.80 cm
• Colored coded for size
30. Multi Sample Needle
• Used for multiple samples during a
single venipuncture
• Composed of a double pointed
needle
• The hub screws into the needle
holder
• Open with a twist motion
31. Safety Needles
• Allows the user’s hand to
remain behind the needle
• Always use a safety needle
when available
• Minimizing exposure to blood
borne pathogens
32. Tourniquet
• Slow down venous flow without
affecting arterial flow
• To enlarge the vein for easier
location and easier penetration
• To assess the width, direction and
depth of veins
• Should be left on for no longer
than one minute
33. Gloves
• ‘Universal Precautions” require
the wearing of gloves
• Gloves provide protection from
infection
• A new pair of gloves must be
worn for each client and for each
new procedure
• Types: “A good fit is essential”
– Nitrile
– Vinyl
– Latex Free
Sharp container
34. 3.3.1. Vacutainer technique of venous blood
collection
Techniques
1. Assemble the necessary materials and equipment
2. thread the short end of the double-pointed needle into the holder and push
the tube forward until the top of the stopper meets the guide mark on the
holder.
35. Vacutainer technique cont’d
Needle Holder and Adapter
• The second pointed needle
with rubber sleeve resides in
the holder
• Push the tube directly into the
middle of the holder for proper
collection
• Second needle will penetrate
top of tube
36. Vacutainer technique cont’d
• The point of the needle will thus be
embedded in the stopper without
puncturing it and loosing the vacuum in the
tube.
3. Identify the right patient and allow
him/her to sit comfortably preferably in an
armchair stretching his/her arm.
38. Client Identification
• The most important step in specimen collection is client
identification
• Misidentification of a client can be grounds for dismissal
• When identifying a client, ask them to state his or her full name
– NEVER SAY: “ARE YOU MRS SMITH?”
39. Client Identification
– Verbal: Spell their last name followed by their first
Make sure their name is spelt correctly
– Ask them to state their birth date or check an
identification number for a second form if
identification
• Two forms of identification are needed
40. outpatient or Ward Contact
• Before entering a patient’s room
– Always knock before entering
– Greet patient in a friendly manner
– Always make your presence know before proceeding into the
room and pulling back the curtain
41. Identifying Yourself
• State your name, where are from and the purpose of you visit
• If a patient is sleeping, wake gently
• Speak softly
• Never turn on a bright light
• Never attempt to draw blood from a sleeping patient
42. Unconscious Patient
• Identify yourself and inform the patient of your intent
• Ask caregiver to identify the patient
• Compare this information to the identification bracelet
• Continue to speak to the patient
• Ask for help in holding the patient because they can sense pain
but can not control their reactions
43. Doctors and Visitors
• If a doctor is with a patient, don’t interrupt but come back latter
• If the blood work is needed immediately, excuse yourself and
explain why you are there
• If visitors are present, it is best to ask them to step out of the
room
• If a patient is not in the room, find out where they are or notify
the nurse in charge
44. Cont’d
4. Reassure the patient
5. Apply the tourniquet
6. Prepare the arm by swabbing the antecubital fossa with a gauze
pad or cotton moistened with 70% alcohol.
45. Vacutainer technique cont’d
Tourniquet Application
• Position the tourniquet 7.5 – 10 cm
above the venipuncture site with
strip equal on both sides
• Pull Left side over the Right side and
make an X
46. Tourniquet Application cont’d
• With X in place, tuck a loop
• Have both ends of strip facing up
• End of the tourniquet that is
facing up is used for easy removal
47. Cleaning the Arm
• Clean the arm using 70%
isopropyl alcohol
• Clean area in concentric
circles starting at site and
ending outside of site. Do
not re-touch the cleaned
area
• Let air dry
48. Vacutainer technique cont’d
7. Grasp the back of the patient’s arm at the elbow and anchor the
selected vein by drawing the skin slightly taut over the vein
8. insert the needle properly into the vein;
– the index finger is placed along side of the hub of the needle
with the bevel facing up
– The needle should be pointing in the same direction as the vein
9. Then the point of the needle is advanced 0.5-1.0cm into the
subcutaneous tissue (at an angle of 450) and is pushed forward at a
lesser angle to pierce the vein wall
49. Vacutainer technique cont’d
10. When the needle is properly in the vein, the vacuum tube is
pushed into the needle holder all the way so that the blood flows
into the tube under vacuum.
11. The tourniquet should be released the moment blood starts
entering the vacuum tube
– otherwise, some hemoconcentration will develop
after one minute of venous stasis.
12. After drawing the required blood sample, apply a ball of cotton to
the puncture site and gently withdraw the needle.
13. Instruct the patient to press on the cotton
50. Vacutainer technique cont’d
14. Remove the tube from the vacutainer holder and if the tube is with
anticoagulant, gently invert several times
– Invert 8-10 times for EDTA tube
15. Label the tubes with patient’s name, hospital number and other
information required by the hospital (before the patient leaves the
collection area)
16. Re-inspect the venipuncture site to ascertain that the bleeding has
stopped.
17. Do not let the patient go until the bleeding stops
– If bleeding does not stop apply band aid
18. Bid farewell to the patient with smile
51. Inverting and Mixing the Tubes
• Tubes with additives must
be gently mixed
• Gently invert several times
for proper mixing
52. Vacutainer technique cont’d
1. Venepuncture technique using an evacuated container; the distal
end of the needle has been screwed into the holder and the
proximal needle has then been unsheathed and inserted into a
suitable vein.
2. Venepuncture technique using an evacuated container; the
evacuated container has been inserted into the holder and forced
onto the sharp end of the needle.
1 2
54. Anticoagulants
• Sodium Citrate (Light Blue):
prevents clotting by binding
the calcium.
• Used for coagulation workup
(PT and APTT)
55. Anticoagulants
• Heparin (Green): Three
types: ammonium, lithium,
and sodium. Prevents
clotting by inhibiting
thrombin. Used for plasma
chemistry testing
– Use appropriate type of
heparin
56. Anticoagulant/Additive
ANTICOAGULANT
• Potassium or ammonium oxalate
(Gray): prevents clotting by
binding the calcium. Used in
glucose testing
ADDITIVE
• Sodium Fluoride (Gray): inhibits
the metabolism of glucose by the
cells. Used for glucose tolerance
testing
57. Additives
• Clot activator:
– initiate or enhance coagulation. Can
be thrombin, glass or silica particles
• Gel Separator:
– forms a barrier between the cells and
the serum portion after the blood has
been spun
• Used for Chemistry Testing
58. Tube Stoppers
• Red/Glass: no additives
• Red/Plastic: clot activator
• Red/Gray or marbled: gel separator
• Green: Heparin (three types)
– Mint Green: Heparin with gel separator
• Lavender: EDTA
• Light Blue: Sodium citrate
• Gray: potassium oxalate and sodium fluoride
• Hemogard: plastic stopper with rubber inside. Used for safety
59. Order of Draw with the Evacuated Tube System
• Blood Cultures: sterile specimen
• Light Blue: sodium citrate for coagulation. Tube should be full and
well mixed
• Gel Separator with or without clot activator
Glass or Plastic Tubes
• Green: heparin or plasma chemistry
• Purple: EDTA for Hematology, CBC, CD4
• Gray: oxalate/fluoride, glucose testing
62. Recommended order for taking blood samples
Blood culture tubes
Plain glass tubes for serum samples
Sodium citrate tubes
Gel separator tubes/plain plastic tubes for serum
Heparin tubes/heparin gel separator tubes
EDTA tubes
Fluoride tubes for glucose
EDTA= ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid.
63. Advantages of the Vacutainer Method of Venous Blood Collection
• an ideal means of collecting multiple samples with ease
• eliminates many of the factors that cause hemolysis.
• no preparation of anticoagulants and containers needed.
• One can choose among a wide range of tube size with or with out
anticoagulant.
• Because the evacuated tubes are sterile, avoids possible bacterial
contamination
– Thus, an ideal blood sample for microbiological
analysis
64. 3.3.2. Syringe method of blood collection
• Remove the syringe from its protective wrapper and the needle
from the cap
• assemble them allowing the cap to remain covering the needle
until use.
• Attach the needle so that the bevel faces in the same direction as
the graduation mark on the syringe
• Check to make sure:
– the needle is sharp
– the syringe moves smoothly
– there is no air left in the barrel
65. Syringe method cont’d
• Identify the right patient and allow him/her to sit comfortably
preferably in an armchair stretching his/her arm.
• Reassure the patient
• Apply the tourniquet
• Prepare the arm by swabbing the antecubital fossa with a gauze
pad or cotton moistened with 70% alcohol
• Grasp the back of the patient’s arm at the elbow and anchor the
selected vein by drawing the skin slightly taut over the vein
66. Syringe method cont’d
• Using the assembled syringe and needle, enter the skin first and
then the vein
• insert the needle properly into the vein;
– the index finger is placed along side of the hub of
the needle with the bevel facing up
– The needle should be pointing in the same direction
as the vein.
• The plunger is drown back to create suction pressure to draw
the blood
68. Advantages of Venous Blood:
• various tests to be repeated in case of accident or breakage
• checking of a doubtful result
• performance of additional tests
• aliquots of the specimen (plasma and serum) may be frozen for
future reference.
• reduces the possibility of errors resulting from
– tissue dilution with interstitial fluid
– constriction of skin vessels by cold that may occur in taking
blood by skin puncture.
69. Disadvantages of Venous Blood:
• lengthy procedure
• technically difficult in children, obese individuals and in patients
in shock.
• more likelihood of occurrence of Hemolysis
– hemolysis must be prevented because it leads to lowered red cell counts
and interferes with many chemical tests.
• Hematoma (or blood clot formation inside or outside the veins)
may also occur
70. Difference Between capillary and Venous Blood
• Higher values in peripheral blood than in venous blood for
– PCV
– RBC
– Hgb
– WBC
– Neutro
– Mono (by about 12%)
• Higher values in venous than peripheral blood for
– Platelet (by about 9%); may be due to adhesion of
platelets to the site of the skin puncture.
71. 3.4. Arterial blood collection
• An ideal specimen for many analyses because its composition is
consistent throughout the body whereas venous blood varies
relative to the metabolic needs of the areas of the body it serves
• Not used for routine tests
– More invasive
– Technically difficult
72. – Lots of pre-analytical interferences:
• Exposure to air before testing
• Delay in transport
• Requires proper specimen collection
– E.g. In patients with metabolic diseases, it is difficult to
differentiate whether it is venous or arterial origin
– Never select a site in a limb within A-V shunt or fistula
• Primarily for evaluation of arterial blood gases (ABGs)
– For the diagnosis and management of respiratory diseases
73. Prevention of Hemolysis
• Use syringe, needle and test tubes that are dry and free from detergent
– traces of water or detergent cause hemolysis
• Use smooth and good quality sharp needles
• Avoid rough handling of blood at any stage
– Do NOT eject the blood from the syringe through the needle as this
may cause mechanical destruction of the cells
– Transfer the blood from the syringe by gently ejecting down the side
of the tube
– Mix blood with anticoagulant by gentle inversion not by shaking
74. Prevention of Hemolysis cont’d
• Tourniquet should NOT be too tight and should be released before
blood is aspirated
• If examination is to be delayed beyond 1-3 hrs, do not allow the
sample to stand unplugged or at room temperature.
– Apply stopper and store in a refrigerator at 40C
overnight
75. Prevention of Hemolysis cont’d
• Blood should NOT be stored in a freezer because the red cells will
hemolyse on thawing
• Make sure that all solutions with which blood is to be mixed or
diluted are correctly prepared and are isotonic
– Hypotonic solutions will lead to hemolysis.
• When obtaining blood by skin puncture:
– Make sure the skin is dry before pricking
– Use sharp, 2-3mm lancets that produce clean puncture wounds
– Allow the blood to flow freely
76. Review Questions/Summary
1. What is phlebotomy
2. What are the sources of blood sample for hematological
investigations?
3. What are the anatomical sites of collection in these sources in
the different age groups?
4. What are the advantages and the draw backs of taking/using
blood samples from each of these sources?
5. How do you minimize or avoid the occurrence of hemolysis in
blood samples for hematological investigations?
6. What is the difference between venous and capillary blood
samples in terms of hematological parameters?
7. What are the advantages of the vacutainer system over the
syringe system
8. List possible complications after phlebotomy
77. inpatient or Ward Identification
• Emergency Room patients:
– should have a identification band on, can be asked directly if
conscious or put a temporary band on
– Always make sure all information matches
• Young children:
– confirmed by parents or relatives
• Two identifiers are needed for any person that is to be drawn
78. Cont’d
• It is very important for healthcare professional to ensure that
specimens are drawn from the correct patient
• Ask the patient to state his/her full name, birth date or
identification number
• Compare the information given with the information on the
patient’s identification bracelet
• Report any error before drawing the patient
79. Cont’d
• Any discrepancy between ID band and request slips should be
verified
• ID bracelet missing on wrist, check ankle
• If band is not on patient but on the wall, bed or night table the
patient Can Not be Drawn
• A new band must be issued and placed on the patient
80. Bed Side Manner
• Gain the client’s or patient’s trust and confidence
• Put the client/patient at ease
• Use a cheerful and pleasant manner
• A phlebotomist who has a professional appearance and behaves
in a professional manner will convey confidence to the client
81. Handling Difficult Clients
• Remain calm and professional
• Treat the client in a caring manner under any circumstances
• Never force a client to do anything that they do not want to do
82. Test Request Form
• Lists the information needed
for collection
• Includes:
– Client’s complete name
– Client’s date of birth/age
– Date and Time specimen is
to be drawn
– Types of tests
– Physician name
83. Explain the Procedure
• Some clients may have had their blood drawn for testing
• State to the client “I’m going to draw some blood from you
today.”
– Serves two purposes:
• client aware of what is to happen and gives you consent to
proceed
84. Client Inquiry About Tests
• Most often asked question is
“What are these tests for?”
• If you do not feel comfortable about the question, refer them to
their doctor
• If the tests are routine and non threatening you can explain “ a
kidney function test”
• All test results are given to the doctor
85. If the Client Objects
• The client has the right to refuse
• Never force a client
• You may try to convince them how important the procedure is
• Ask for assistance
87. Wash Hands
• Proper hand washing
• Followed by glove application
• Always put a clean pair of gloves for each client and each new
procedure
88. Position Client
• Reassure the client
• Always have the arm in comfortable position for the client and for
you
• Have the arm in a downward position
• Client should be in a chair or lying down
89. Apply Tourniquet
• Applied to increase pressure
in the veins and aid in site
selection
• Applied 7.5 – 10 cm above
the intended site
• Should not be left on for no
longer than ONE minute
90. Vein Selection
• Have client make a fist
• Use tip of index finger to
palpate the vein
• Determine size, depth and
direction
• A vein has a bounce to it
91. Veins Used for Phlebotomy
• Antecubital Region
– 1st: Median Cubital
– 2nd: Cephalic
– 3rd: Basilic
• Volar Venous network (hand)
93. Cleanse Site
• 70% isopropyl alcohol
• Clean site using a circular motion starting from the center moving
outward
• Let alcohol dry or dry site
• DO NOT TOUCH THE SITE AFTER IT HAS BEEN CLEANED
94. Anchor the Vein
• Use thumb to pull vein taut but
not tight
• This helps the vein not to move
or roll
• Pick up needle and visually
inspect
• Needle should be bevel side up
• Insert needle at a 15 to 30 degree
angle using a quick smooth
motion
95. Fill Tubes
• As soon as blood appears in
the tube the tourniquet is to
be released
• When changing tubes hold
the needle and holder in
correct position
• Hold Steady
• Follow order of draw
• Mix all tubes with additives
96. Withdraw Needle
• After last tube is full remove the tube from the holder
• Remove needle in one quick motion
• Have gauze ready to apply pressure.
• Apply pressure to the arm. Hold in a straight position. DO NOT
HAVE THE client BEND HIS ARM UP
• Make sure tourniquet is removed before last tube is filled
97. Needle Disposal
• Needle disposal is done
immediately after the draw
• Dispose needle in a
Biohazard SHARPS container
• Needle and holder are
disposed of together
• Do Not Re-Use Needles or
holders
• They are for single use only
98. Specimen Labeling
• Label all tubes after
blood is in them
• Should contain:
– Client’s full name
– ID number
– Time of collection
– Date
– Phlebotomist initials
99. Last Steps
• Check clients arm and apply
band aid
• Dispose of contaminated
materials
• Thank client
• Remove gloves and Wash
hands
100. Failure to Obtain Blood
• Remain calm
• Check:
– Needle Position
• Reposition
– Vacuum of the tube
• replace with a new tube
– Tube position
• Lift up or down
101. Needle Position
• Needle not deep
enough: slightly push
the needle back in
• Needle bevel against
vein wall: blood flow
will be impaired if the
bevel is not in the up
position
103. Needle Position
• Needle has slipped beside vein:
– Vein not anchored well, try to redirect slightly
• Needle position can not be determined:
– Try to feel for the vein above or below the site of the
needle
– If you can feel the vein, again try to redirect
104. Needle position
• If you can’t feel the vein,
DO NOT PROBE BLINDLY, IT HURTS
– Remove the needle and begin again
• A phlebotomist should only attempt twice to obtain the specimen
105. Collapsed Vein
• Sometimes the vacuum in the
tube will cause the vein to
disappear
• Reapply the tourniquet; it may
increase the flow into the area
• If you still don’t feel the vein,
remove the needle and begin
again
106. Venipuncture in special situations
• Site selection
– Avoid scars and burns
• Mastectomy:
– Venipuncture should never be performed from the
arm on the same side of the mastectomy
• Edema:
– Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues. Lab
results will be inaccurate
107. Venipuncture in special situations
– Hematoma: is a swelling or
mass of blood under the
skin. This area is usually sore
and painful.
– Leakage of a large amount of
fluid around the puncture
site and the area swell
– Apply enough pressure at the
venipuncture
- Should be avoided
108. Venipuncture in special situations
• Obesity:
– Veins may be deep. The cephalic is the vein of choice
• Damaged veins:
– Feel hard and cord like, difficult to penetrate and
should be avoided
109. Complications Affecting the Client
• Allergies:
– May have a reaction to the alcohol or band-aid
• Seizures:
– Remove the needle immediately
– Hold pressure to the site without restriction of the client’s
movements
• Excessive Bleeding:
– Pressure should be maintained for more than 5 minutes
110. Complications Affecting the Client
• Fainting /syncope
– If there is history, lie the client down.
– If the client faints during the procedure, remove the needle
immediately.
– Put the client’s head between their knees and make them take
deep breaths.
– Apply ammonia inhalation
111. Complications Affecting the Client
• Nausea:
– client should be made comfortable, deep breaths
• Infection:
– Rare occurrence, clean site properly and apply a band-aid
• Pain:
– A little pain is associated with the procedure
– No blind probing
• Petechiae:
– Red spots under the skin which appear when a tourniquet is left on.
– Usually there is capillary fragility
112. Complications cont’d
• Bruise/Echymoses caused by leakage of a small amount of fluid
around the tissue
– To prevent apply direct pressure to the venipuncture site
– Do NOT advise patients to bend his arm at the elbow
113. Inadvertent Arterial Puncture
• Hold pressure for at least 5 minutes
• Arterial blood has a bright red color and the tube fills very quickly
• The lab should be aware that it is arterial blood
• Lab values are different
114. Collection Techniques Affecting the Specimen
• Hemoconcentration:
– Prolonged application of the tourniquet, vigorous and probing
• Hemolysis: results from the destruction of the red cells
– shaking the tube hard
– drawing from a hemtoma
– pulling on a syringe to quickly
– probing
– to small a needle
– forcing the blood into another tube
115. Collection Techniques Affecting the Specimen
• Partially filled tubes:
– Filling additive tubes until the vacuum is exhausted is
important for proper ratio of anticoagulant to blood
– Very important for coagulation studies, under filled tubes are
not acceptable
• Specimen Contamination:
– Alcohol can cause contamination, touching the site, not
following order of draw
116. Safety Reminders
• Always use standard or universal blood precautions when drawing
blood
• Always wear gloves when drawing blood
• Identify patient by asking for a name or check armband
• Do not allow tourniquet to remain on the arm for more than one
minute
• Properly label tubes after the blood is drawn
117. Cont’d
• Patient identification is the most important step in blood
collection
• Wash hands and wear gloves for every patient
• Clean arm in concentric circles, let dry
• Anchor vein with the thumb and enter the vein at a 15 – 30
degree angle
• Always follow order of draw
118. Review questions
1. What are the sources of blood sample for hematological
investigations?
2. What are the anatomical sites of collection in these sources in the
different age groups?
3. What are the advantages as well as the draw backs of taking/using
blood samples from each of these sources?
4. How do you minimize or avoid the occurrence of hemolysis in
blood samples for hematological investigations?
5. What is the difference between samples collected from these two
sources in terms of hematological parameters?
