Solid and Hazardous waste management

1. JIMMA UNIVERSITY
BY: DESALEGN ABDISSA (Ass. Professor)

2. COURSE OUTLINE
Course title: Solid and Hazardous Wastes Management
Course code: ChEg 5232
Credit hr : 3 Cr.Hr (5ECTS)
Pre-requisite: no
Academic Year:2023
Target yr/group: 5th year
Semester: 2
Instructor: Desalegn Abdissa
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3. Cont’d
Course objectives: The course aims to
introduce the students with the basic concept
of solid waste treatment method and discharge
standards to meet the requirement.
Text books
William C. Jr. Blackman, Basic Hazardous
Waste Management, 3rd ed. CRC Press
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4. Course content
1.sources and characteristics of solid and hazardous wastes
1.1.legal aspects
1.2 significance of hazardous wastes as air, water, and soil pollutants
2.principles and applications of conventional and specialized solid and
hazardous waste control strategy
2.1.control technologies
2.2.management options of solid and hazardous waste
2.3. Economics of the on-site vs. off- site
3.waste management options
3.1 Integrated waste management
3.2.other management strategy
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5. After completion of this course the student be
able to:
Classify solid and hazardous wastes.
Select handling technologies of solid and
hazardous wastes
Design solid and hazardous waste
management and control strategies
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6. Definition of solid wastes
Solid Waste: Solid waste is any material that is discarded
by being either abandoned, inherently waste-like, a certain military
munitions or recycled
 Abandoned means “thrown away.” A material is abandoned if it is
disposed of, burned or incinerated or accumulated, stored or
treated (but not recycled) before being abandoned.
 Inherently waste-like: materials are always considered solid
wastes if they pose such a threat to human health and the
environment
 Recycled: a material is recycled if it is used or reused (e.g., as an
ingredient in a process), reclaimed or used in certain ways (used in
a manner constituting disposal, burned for energy recovery or
accumulated speculatively)

7. 1. Sources Type and Characteristics of Solid Wastes
Source and types of solid wastes, and Characteristics of solid wastes

8. Types and sources of solid wastes
Types of solid wastes
Typical facilities,
activities, locations where
wastes are generated
Source
Food wastes, paper, cardboard, plastics,
textiles, leather, yard wastes, wood,
glass, metals, ashes, special wastes
(e.g., bulky items, consumer
electronics, white goods, batteries, oil,
tires), and household hazardous wastes
Single and multifamily
dwellings
Residential
Industrial process waste, scrap
materials, etc. Non - industrial waste
including food wastes, construction and
demolition wastes, rubbish, ashes ,
hazardous wastes, ashes, special wastes
Light and heavy
manufacturing, fabrication,
construction sites, power
and chemical plants
Industrial
Table 1: Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community

9. Types of solid wastes
Typical facilities, activities,
locations where wastes are
generated
Source
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food
wastes, glass, metals, special wastes,
hazardous wastes
Stores, hotels, restaurants,
markets, office buildings,
etc.
Commercial
Same as commercial
Schools, hospitals, prisons,
government centers
Institutional
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
New construction sites, road
repair, renovation sites,
demolition of buildings,
broken pavement
Construction and Demolition
Cont’d

10. Types of solid wastes
Typical facilities, activities,
locations where wastes are
generated
Source
Street sweepings; landscape and tree
trimmings; general wastes from parks,
beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge
Street cleaning, landscaping,
parks, beaches, other
recreational areas, water and
wastewater treatment plants
Municipal
Services (excluding
treatment facilities)
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes,
rubbish, hazardous waste.
Field and row crops, orchards,
vineyards, dairies, feedlots,
farms, etc.
Agricultural
Cont’d

11. Problems Due to Improper Solid Waste Management

12. Solid Waste Characteristics
I. Composition Identification
II. Moisture Content
III. Particle size
IV. Chemical Composition
V. Bulk and Material Density

13. I. Composition Identification Items
Composition is the term used to describe the
individual components that make up a solid waste
stream and their relative distribution, usually
based on percent by weight.
A waste composition study, commonly known as
waste sort, is needed to estimate the fraction of
various waste material or items present in a waste
stream.
A waste sort is done for various projects such as
designing of recycling programs or finding out
whether a waste is suitable for incineration

14.  To estimate an overall composition of municipal solid
waste, an idea regarding the ratio of waste from
households and from commercial and institutional
sources must be determined
 The following major issues need to be resolved prior to
undertaking a waste sort:
 Purpose of the study
 Sorting location
 Number of samples to be analyzed
 Waste sort design
 Sample sorting
 Statistical analysis of the data
Cont’d

15. Purpose of the study
The purpose of the study is important for
developing a list of items that will be sorted out of
the waste.
For instance, the list of items to be identified for
incineration of will target based on heating value or
pollution potential.
On the other hand, if the purpose is to identify
recyclable items present in waste, then the list
needs to include items that can be recycled.

16. Sorting Location
Sorting can be at the point of generation or at the
point of processing.
The points of processing are a transfer station,
incinerator tipping floor, or landfill.
A waste sort are done at the point of generation
can identify the difference in percentage of
recyclables between single-family and
multifamily households.
It is difficult to find data regarding such
differences if the waste sort is done at the landfill.

17. Number of Samples to be Analysed
The total number of samples that should be sorted
depends primarily on the allowable error and
confidence level.
A rough estimate of each item is needed to estimate
the number of samples.
This estimate may be obtained from an earlier
study or from a waste sort done in a community
with similar socio
If such data is not available, then a large number of
random samples should be sorted at various
locations representing 80-90% of the waste

18. Waste sort design
An initial estimate regarding the number of
samples should be done as part of the design.
If sampling is done at each household, each
participating household in the sampling area is
provided with a container
Each day, the containers are collected and tagged
by the agency making the study and are
transported to a central point to be weighed, and
the weights and other information
If sampling is to be done at curb sides, the
addresses of houses where sampling is to be
undertaken must be finalized.

19.  If sorting is to be done at country level, then the land fills
where sorting is to be undertaken must be finalized.
 If the waste sort is done at the landfill or transfer station
then the trucks entering the premises are chosen randomly.
 The driver is interviewed to find out the route
characteristics.
 The number of trucks chosen for waste sort should have
approximately the same ratio as that of the ratio of waste
from households and commercial and institutional sources.
 A reasonably realistic estimate of the composition of a
community's waste output requires an analytical period of
two weeks’ duration, repeated two (e.g., once in winter and
once in summer) to four times per year.
Cont’d

20. Waste Item Sorting
There are two methods by which a representative
sample is collected from a truckload.
These are cone-and-quarter method and grid-
and- pull method.
 In cone-and-quarter method half of the waste is removed
longitudinally from entire side.
 The waste is then mixed, coned, and quartered using a back
hoe.
 One quarter is chosen randomly for sorting.
 In grid-and-pull method a 3ft (1m) height of the “loaf of
waste” is maintained while dumping.
 The waste is divided in to several 3x3 ft (1x1m) cells, either
physically using tapes or visually.
 One cell is pulled for sorting.

21. The weight of waste used for sorting should be
200-300 lb (91-136 kg). Usually 100kg
The weight of each sorted sample is recorded in a
separate sheet for each sample with a given
sample identification number or description.
Sorting crew should be knowledgeable about the
purpose of the waste sort and be detail oriented.
The sorting crew should wear protective devices.
To reduce the magnitude of errors arising from
moisture change and from decomposition,
analysis of the samples should be begun within
two to three hours after collection.
Cont’d

22. Statistical Analysis
After the waste sort is completed, the mass fraction
(Mi) of each item is computed using the following
formula:
The percent of component i (pi) is computed using
the following formula:
1
2

23. The mean of Mi (mi) of all samples is computed
using the following formula:
The mean of Pi (pi) of all samples (n) is
computed by using the following formula:
3
4
Cont’d

24. II. Moisture Content
Moisture content of wastes are relevant when
estimating the calorific value, landfill sizing,
reactor sizing etc.
5

25. Drying is usually done in an oven at 77ºC (170ºF)
for 24 h to ensure complete dehydration and yet
avoid undue vaporization of volatile material.
Temperatures above this will melt some plastics
and cause one unholy mess.
Cont’d

26. Cont’d

27. The moisture content of any waste can be estimated
by knowing the fraction of various components and
using either measured values of moisture content or
typical values from a list (such as Table above).
Example: A residential waste has the following
components:
Paper 50%
Glass 20%
Food 20%
Yard waste 10%
Estimate its moisture concentration using the typical
values in Table above
Cont’d

28. Solution:
Assume 100 kg wet sample
Component Percent Moisture Dry weight (based on
100kg)
Paper 50% 6 47
Glass 20% 2 19
Food 20% 70 6
Yard waste 10% 60 4
Total: 76 kg dry
The moisture content (wet basis) would then be:
M=(w-d)/w*100 = (100-76)/100= 24 %

29. In a refuse truck, moisture transfer takes place,
and the moisture of various components of
refuse changes. Paper sops up much of the liquid
waste, and its moisture increases substantially.
The moisture content of refuse that has been
compacted by a collection truck is therefore
quite different from the moisture of various
components as they are in the can ready for
collection.
Cont’d

30. III. Particle size
Is relevant to incineration and biological
transformation methods. It is also helpful in
recycling and reuse of waste.
Municipal refuse is possibly the worst imaginable
material for particle size analysis, and yet much of
the MSW processing technology depends on an
accurate description of particle size.
No single value can adequately hope to describe a
mixture of particles. Probably the best effort in
that direction is to describe the mixture by means
of a curve showing percents of particles (by either
number or weight) versus the particle size

31. Cont’d

32.  For non spherical particles the diameter of a particle
may be defined as any of the following:
Cont’d

33. example

34. When the mixture of particles is non uniform, the
particle size is often expressed in terms of the
mean particle diameter.
Given an analysis of the various diameters of
individual particles (such as by sieving), the mean
particle diameter can be expressed in a number of
ways, including all of the following:
By
Cont’d

35. Cont’d

36. Cont’d

37. Example

38. IV. Chemical Composition
 The economic recovery of materials and/or
energy often depends on the chemical
composition of the refuse the individual
chemicals as well as the heat value.
 Two common means of defining the chemical
composition of refuse are the proximate analysis
and the ultimate analysis.
Proximate Analysis
The proximate analysis is an attempt to define the
fraction of volatile organics and fixed carbon in
the fuel

39. Cont’d

40. Ultimate analysis (major elements)
Major elements analysis: C, H, O, N, and S
Sometimes halogens are included if air pollution
from halogenated hydrocarbons is a concern
Used to characterize the chemical composition of
the organic matter in municipal solid waste
They are also used to define the proper mix of
solid materials to achieve suitable C/N ratios for
biological conversion processes
Emissions can be also predicted

41. Cont’d

42. V. Bulk and Material Density
Municipal solid waste has a highly variable bulk
density, depending on the pressure exerted
Loose, as it might be placed into a garbage can by
the home owner, the bulk density of MSW might be
between 150 and 250 lb/yd3 (90 and 150 kg/m3);
pushed into the can, it might be at 300 lb/yd3 (180
kg/m3).
In a collection truck that compacts the refuse, the
bulk density is normally between 600 and 700 lb/yd3
(350 and 420 kg/m3).
Bulk densities different from materials densities:
densities of materials is without any void spaces

43. End of lecture one