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Comm. and data communication
1.
2. COMMUNICATION
Communication is a process whereby
information is enclosed in a package and is
channeled and imparted by a sender to a
receiver via some medium.
Sender: The One who sends the message
idea or concept
Receiver: The one for whom the message is
made or to one the message is delivered
3. A Communication channels is a path way
over which information can be conveyed
It may be defined a physical wire that
connects communication devices
4.
5. Features of Communication
Four things required
Sender, receiver, medium, and message
Types of messages
File
Request
Response
Status
Control
Correspondence
Understandability
Error Detection
6.
7. Data
Communication
Is the process of transmitting data from
one computer to another
Focus is on transmission medium,
different signal levels and data coding
8. Information Transmission
Data are entities that convey information and are
being exchanged
A signal is an encoded form of data using a
physical mean.
E.g. voltage.
Two domain of signal
Time
Frequency
9. Transmission Medium
Provides the path for data
communication
Allows a bit stream to be transported
from one machine to another
Can be categorized as
○ Guided media
○ Unguided media
11. Twisted Pair
Consist of two insulated copper wires.
Wires are twisted together each other.
Commonly used in Telephone lines.
Can run several meters without amplification.
For longer distances Repeaters are used.
Used for analog and Digital transmission.
Cat-3, cat-5 and cat-6 used in computer
Networks.
Commonly referred as UTP.
12. Types of Twisted Pair
Twisted pair
Unshielded twisted pair
○ each wire is insulated with plastic wrap, but
the pair is encased in an outer covering
13. Benefits of UTP
Inexpensive and readily available
Flexible and light weight
Easy to work with and install
14. Disadvantages of UTP
Susceptibility to interference and noise
Attenuation problem
For analog, repeaters needed every 5-6km
For digital, repeaters needed every 2-3km
Relatively low bandwidth (3000Hz)
15. Unshielded Twisted Pair
Connector
The standard connector for unshielded
twisted pair cabling is an RJ-45 connector.
This is a plastic connector that looks like a
large telephone-style connector. A slot
allows the RJ-45 to be inserted only one
way. RJ stands for Registered Jack,
implying that the connector follows a
standard borrowed from the telephone
industry. This standard designates which
wire goes with each pin inside the
connector.
17. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
A disadvantage of UTP is that it may be
susceptible to radio and electrical frequency
interference (RFI, EFI).
Shielded twisted pair (STP) is suitable for
environments with electrical interference; however,
the extra shielding can make the cables quite
bulky.
Shielded twisted pair is often used on networks
using Token Ring topology.
More expensive, harder to work with.
18.
19. Baseband Coaxial Cable
Commonly known as “coax”.
More fast than Twisted pair
and span longer distance
due to better shielding.
Consist of Copper wire
surrounded by Insulating
material which is covered by
a mesh of conductor and
which is covered by Plastic
sheath.
Two types, 50 ohms and 75
ohms.
Used in Cable TV and LANs.
20. Broadband Coaxial Cable
Used for Analog transmission.
Can run 300 MHz for long distances.
Analog signaling has better S/N than digital
signaling.
Interfaces must convert digital signals to
analog and vice versa.
Designed for long distances - can use
amplifiers.
Commonly used for Cable TVs.
22. Fiber Optics
Consist of glass core surrounded by
cladding of Glass, covered by a thin
plastic Jacket.
Typically grouped together in bundles,
protected by an outer sheath.
23. Types of Fiber Optic
There are two types of Fiber Optic
cable.
Multimode
Single-mode fiber
Single-mode fibers are more fast and
expensive than Multi-mode because of
covering long distance i.e. 50 Gbps for
100km without amplification.
26. Radio Transmission
Radio waves have certain advantage over other
Wireless medias.
Travel long distance.
Obstacles do not effect.
Omni-directional
The disadvantages are the Interference among
users, interference of Motors and Electrical
equipments.
VLF, LF and MF bands are not used for Data
communication due to their low bandwidth.
HF and VHF bands are used for communication.
28. Infrared (IR)
Used for short range communication.
Remote controls of devices use Infrared.
Directional, Cheap and easy to build.
Can not pass through Solid objects.
No problem of interference between two
Infrared waves.
29. Microwave Transmission
Travels in straight line.
Parabolic antennas are used.
Problem of Multi-path fading can occur.
Antennas at transmitter and receiver must
be aligned (Line of Sight)
Long distance links must have repeaters
Used commonly in Telecommunication,
Mobiles, TV distribution,
31. Why we require Satellites
Due to curvature of earth, signal can not be sent
directly between two stations.
dish
dish
uplink station downlink station
satellite
transponder
32. Solution: Satellites
Simply works as a Relay Station /
Repeater.
Earth
Satellite
Ground station /
Antenna
Ground station /
Antenna
33. Important Terms
Uplink: earth->satellite.
Downlink: satellite->earth.
Transponder: satellite
electronics converting uplink
signal to downlink.
34. Properties of Satellites
There are several Transponders in
the Satellites, which are listening a
signal on certain frequency and
forwarding on a certain frequency
Satellites have to take care of the Van
Allen belts as well, which are actually
highly Charged Particles (Magnetic
field)
35. Types of Satellites
There are three categories of Satellites.
GEO satellites (Geo-stationary)
MEO Satellites (Medium Earth Orbit)
LEO Satellites (Lower Earth Orbit)