1. PRAGMATICS

2.  Pragmatics is a systematic way of explaining
language use in context. It seeks to explain aspects of
meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of
words or structures, as explained by semantics.
 The study of what speaker‟s mean.

3. Invisible Meaning
 Pragmatics is the study of „invisible‟ meaning, or
how we recognize what is meant even when it isn‟t
actually said or written.

4. DEIXIS
 Deixis is reference by means of an expression whose
interpretation is relative to the (usually) extra
linguistic context of the utterance, such as
 who is speaking
 the time or place of speaking
 the gestures of the speaker, or
 the current location in the discourse.

5. Kinds of deixis
 We use deixis to point to things (it, this, these boxes)
and people (him, them, those idiots), sometimes
called person deixis. Words and phrases used to
point to a location (here, there, near that) are
examples of spatial deixis, and those used to point
to a time (now, then, last week) are examples of
temporal deixis.

6. PRESUPPOSITION
 What a speaker (or writer) assumes is true or known
by a listener (or reader).
for example>
 A: What about inviting John tonight?
 B: What a good idea; then he can give Monica a lift
 Your brother is waiting outside.
 Why did you arrive late?

7. SPEECH ACT
 The action performed by a speaker with an
utterance.
 I’ll be there at six, you are not just speaking, you
seem to be performing the speech act of „promising‟.

8. Direct and Indirect Speech act
Structures Meanings
 Did you eat the pizza? Interrogative Question
 Eat the pizza (please)! Imperative Command
(Request)
 You ate the pizza. Declarative Statement
 Direct Speech Act
Can you ride a bicycle?
 Indirect Speech Act
can you pass the salt?

9. POLITENESS
 Showing awareness of and consideration for another
person‟s face.
Face is your public self-image. This is the emotional
and social sense of self that every one has and
expects every one else to recognize.

10.  If you say something that represents a threat to
another person‟s self-image, that is called a face-
threatening act.
for example :
Give that pepper!
could you pass me that pepper?

11. Negative and Positive Face
 Negative Face is the need to be independent and free
from imposition.
I‟m sorry to bother you...;
I know you‟re busy, but....
 Positive Face is The need to be connected, to belong, to
be a member of the group.
Let‟s do this together...;
You and I have the same problem, so....

12. CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE
 a message that is not found in the plain sense of the
sentence. The speaker implies it. The hearer is able
to infer (work out, read between the lines) this
message in the utterance, by appealing to the rules
governing successful conversational interaction.

13. Conversational Maxims
 Quality: speakers should be truthful. They should not say
what they think is false, or make statements for which
they have no evidence.
 Quantity: a contribution should be as informative as is
required for the conversation to proceed. It should be
neither too little, nor too much. (It is not clear how one
can decide what quantity of information satisfies the
maxim in a given case.)
 Relevance: speakers' contributions should relate clearly
to the purpose of the exchange.
 Manner: speakers' contributions should be perspicuous:
clear, orderly and brief, avoiding obscurity and
ambiguity.

14. Maxims violations
 Carson is driving John to Meredith‟s house.
 CARSON: Where does Meredith live?
 JOHN: Nevada.
 Maxim Violated: Quantity.
 Why: There is clash between quantity and quality.
Carson is looking for a street address, but John gives
a weaker, less informative statement (hence the
quantity violation). If John really doesn‟t know
anything more specific, however, he cannot give a
more informative statement without violating
quality.

15.  SIMON: When are you coming home?
 ELIZABETH: I will codify that question to my
superiors and respond at such a time as an adequate
answer is preparable.
 Maxim Violated: Manner; Elizabeth is using
unnecessarily complicated and confusing words and
construction.
 Implication: Elizabeth does not know or does not
wish to give an answer to the question.

16.  MEREDITH: You really love me?
 JOHN: I like Ferris wheels, and college football, and
things that go real fast.
 Maxim Violated: Relation; John is changing the
topic.
 Implication: Either John doesn‟t want to respond
to Meredith (perhaps he has problems discussing his
feelings) or the answer is “no.”