The document discusses the importance of planning in dental health programs. It outlines the key steps in planning which include conducting a needs assessment, determining priorities, developing goals and objectives, identifying resources and constraints, implementation, supervision, evaluation and revision. Surveys are an important part of the planning process as they are used to collect basic oral health information on disease patterns, treatment needs and existing programs. This information is then used to inform the planning, implementation and monitoring of dental health services.
2. “A Plan is a decision about a course of action.”
(E.C. Banfield)
3. • It is a systematic approach to
Defining the problem
Setting priorities
Developing specific goals and
objectives
& Determining alternative strategies
& a method of implementation.
4. To match the limited resources with many
problems
10. • Coordinate with the
research activities of other
agencies interested in
obtaining similar health
information on the given
population.
• Investigate surveys that
have been done in the
past by other
organizations.
• Data – questionnaire,
examinations, personal
communications.
11. • General information
• Pattern & distribution of dental disease
• Current status of dental health programs
• Policies
• Funds, Facilities, Labour
• Preventive dental program existing
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16. Setting priorities
among problems
elicited through
needs assessment
For ranking
solutions to
problems
It is a method of imposing people’s values and judgments of what is
important into the raw data used.
17. • Who needs care most?
• Diseases affecting large number of people
• High risk groups.
18. Problem Objectives
• More Specific
• Describe in a
measurable way the
desirable end result
of program activities.
Program goals are broad statements on the overall purpose of a program
to meet a defined problem.
19. • RESOURCES TO BE CONSIDERED: Personnel,
Equipment & Supplies, Facilities, Financial Resources.
• CRITERIA TO DETERMINE WHAT RESOURCES TO BE
INCLUDED:
Appropriateness
Adequacy
Effectiveness
Efficiency
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22.
23. RULES FOR IMPLEMENTATION:
• Specify clearly the activities
• Be sure someone is responsible for the whole activity &
coordinates individuals who may carry out the different
tasks
• Identify all preparatory steps before doing that activity
• List the steps in order in which they must occur
• Check for missing steps that must be added
The process of putting the plan into operation is referred to as the
implementation phase.
24. • Determine when each step should begin & end
• Consult the organization affected by the activities identify
potential problems, opportunities & so on
• Specify what resources will be needed & their sources
• Specify what constraints must be addressed
• Make sure all people involved know what is expected &
by when.
25. • Continuous surveillance of
all activities.
Success is determined by
monitoring
• how well the program is
meeting its stated
objectives
• how well individuals are
doing their jobs
• How well equipment
functions
• How appropriate &
adequate facilities are.
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27.
28. Surveys are methods for collection of data, analyzing & evaluating them
in order to determine the amount of disease problems in a community &
also to identify cases that have not been identified.
Basic Oral Health Surveys are defined as surveys to collect the basic
information about oral disease status & treatment needs that is needed for
planning or monitoring oral health care programs.
29. Information not available from any other
source
Rates & indices can be calculated
Associations & Correlations
Reasons for utilization/ non utilization of oral
health services
Reliable, complete & accurate
31. A specified proportion of
the population
Stratified cluster
sampling
Subjects in specific
index age groups are
selected.
Statistically significant &
clinically relevant
information for planning
is obtained at minimum
expense.
32. • Initially – Full picture
of oral health status &
needs
• Subsequently –
Monitor changes
35. PILOT SURVEY
• Includes only the most
important subgroups in the
population & only 1 or 2
index ages usually 12 years
& one other age group.
• minimum amount of data
needed to commence
planning
• Additional data has to be
collected in order to provide
a baseline for the
implementation & monitoring
of services.
NATIONAL PATHFINDER
SURVEY
• sufficient examination sets
to cover all important
subgroups of the
population that may have
differing disease levels or
treatment needs & at least
3 of the age groups or
index ages.
• suitable for the collection
of data for the planning &
monitoring of services.
40. CASE CONTROL
• Starting point is a group
with disease investigation.
• Assessment is made of
the factors which have
influenced these subjects
in the past& which might
be associated with
disease & findings are
compared with those from
a suitable control.
COHORT
• Starts with a population of
individuals classified
according to the various
factors of interest.
• During a follow up period
assessment is made of
the influence that these
factors may have on the
occurrence of the disease.
41. • It is impossible to examine every
individual in the
population.
• Manpower ,money, time are
considered.
• TYPES:-
1. SELECTED SAMPLE
2. RANDOM SAMPLE
3. CLUSTER SAMPLE
4. STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLE
5. SAMPLING BY STAGES
46. TYPE EXAMINATIO
N
EQUIPMENTS USES
1 Complete Mouth mirror, Explorer,
Good illumination, FMS,
Study models, Pulp
testing, transillumination,
Lab investigations
Intensive clinical studies
2 Limited mouth mirror, explorer ,
illumination, bitewing
radiographs & periapical
radiographs.
clinical trials
3 Inspection only mouth mirror
explorer , illumination
epidemiological surveys
4 Screening tongue depressor &
available illumination.
inspection of school
children & to discover the
children who need
treatment.
47. ANALYSING THE DATA
DRAWING THE CONCLUSION
PUBLISHING THE REPORTS
• should include following information
Statements & purposes of the survey
Material & methods
Discussion & conclusions
