Ch.16 russia and the caucasus

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World Geography
Chapter 16
Physical Geography
The Big Idea
Russia is big and cold with vast plains and forests; whereas the Caucasus countries are small,
mountainous, and warmer.
Main Ideas
•The physical features of Russia and the Caucasus include plains, mountains, and rivers.
•Climate and plant life change from north to south in Russia and vary in the Caucasus.
•Russia and the Caucasus have a wealth of resources, but many are hard to access.
Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

World Geography
Chapter 16
Main Idea 1: The physical features of Russia and the Caucasus include plains,
mountains, and rivers.
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• Continents of Europe and Asia meet at the Ural Mountains.
• Russia is the world’s largest country.
–Twice the size of the United States
• South of Russia is a region known as the Caucasus.
–Includes three smaller countries—Georgia, Armenia, and
Azerbaijan

World Geography
Chapter 16
Landforms
Russia’s capital, Moscow, is located in the Northern European
Plain, which stretches across western, or European, Russia.
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World Geography
Chapter 16
Rivers
• Volga River, in western Russia
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–Longest river in Europe
Lakes
• Russia has some 200,000 lakes.
• Lake Baikal, in south-central Siberia,
is world’s deepest lake.
– Deep enough to hold all the
water in all five of the Great
Lakes
Bodies of Water

World Geography
Chapter 16
Main Idea 2: Climate and plant life change from north to south in Russia and vary
in the Caucasus.
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• Russia has short summers and long, snowy winters due in part
to its location along Arctic Circle.
• Taiga, a vast forest of evergreen trees, covers about half of
Russia.

World Geography
Chapter 16
Main Idea 3: Russia and the Caucasus have a wealth of resources, but many are
hard to access.
Natural
Resources
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• Fertile soil for farming in Northern European plain and steppe
• Wood from taiga for building and paper products
• Metals and precious gems
Energy
Resources
• Main energy resources include coal, hydroelectricity, natural
gas, and oil.
• Russia and Azerbaijan have large oil and gas fields.

World Geography
Chapter 16
History and Culture of Russia
The Big Idea
Strict rule, unrest, and ethnic diversity have shaped Russia’s history and culture.
Main Ideas
•The Russian Empire grew under powerful leaders, but unrest and war led to its end.
•The Soviet Union emerged as a Communist superpower with rigid government control.
•Russia’s history and diversity have influenced its culture.
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World Geography
Chapter 16
Main Idea 1: The Russian Empire grew under powerful leaders, but unrest and war
led to its end.
• The Slavs settled in Eastern Europe
• AD 800s—Viking, or Rus, traders from Scandinavia invaded the
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Slavs.
–Shaped the first Russian state, Kievan Rus, centered
around the city of Kiev

World Geography
Chapter 16
Empire
In the 1540s Ivan IV crowned himself czar, or emperor, and became
known as Ivan the Terrible for his cruel leadership.
Strong czars built Russia into a huge empire and world power.
Russia remained largely a country of poor farmers, while the czars and
nobles had most of the wealth.
In the early 1900s Russians began demanding improvements and
unrest grew.
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World Geography
Chapter 16
War and Revolution
World War I
Russian Revolution
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•Russia entered World War I in 1914.
– Suffered huge losses and severe food shortages
•When the czar seemed to ignore the people’s hardship, they rose
against him.
•The czar was forced to give up his throne in 1917.
• Later that year the Bolsheviks, a radical Russian Communist group,
seized power in the Russian Revolution.
• In 1922 the Bolsheviks formed a new country, the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR), or the Soviet Union.

World Geography
Chapter 16
Main Idea 2: The Soviet Union emerged as a Communist superpower with rigid
government control.
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Cold War and Collapse
•During World War II the Soviet Union
fought with the Allies.
•Opposition between the Soviet Union
and the United States led to the Cold
War.
•In 1991 the Soviet Union collapsed and
broke into 15 independent countries,
including Russia.
Soviet Union under Stalin
•Soviet Union led by Lenin became a
Communist country.
•Joseph Stalin took power after Lenin’s
death in 1924.
•Stalin was a brutal and paranoid
dictator and punished anyone who
spoke out against the government.

World Geography
Chapter 16
Main Idea 3: Russia’s history and diversity have influenced its culture.
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Arts and Sciences
•Russia’s ballet companies
are world famous.
People and Religion
•Population: more than
140 million
•About 80 percent are
ethnic Russians.

World Geography
Chapter 16
Russia Today
The Big Idea
Russia is a federal republic with a growing market economy but faces tough challenges.
Main Ideas
•The Russian Federation is working to develop democracy and a market economy.
•Russia’s physical geography, cities, and economy define its many culture regions.
•Russia faces a number of serious challenges.
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World Geography
Chapter 16
Main Idea 1: The Russian Federation is working to develop democracy and a
market economy.
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Economy
•Russia is moving toward a market
economy, based on free trade and
competition.
•The Russian government has
greatly reduced its control of the
economy.
Government
•Russian leaders have struggled to
change from communism to
democracy.
•The Russian Federation is a federal
republic, a system in which power is
divided between national and local
governments.

World Geography
Chapter 16
City and Rural Life
City Life
Rural Life
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• About 75 percent of all Russians live in cities.
• Most live in small apartments in high-rise buildings.
• About 25 percent of all Russians live in rural areas.
• Many live in houses.
• Many richer Russians own dachas, or Russian country houses.

World Geography
Chapter 16
Siberia and the Russian Far East
Siberia
• Winters long and severe
• Remote region with many
valuable, but difficult to access,
resources.
• Main industries are lumber,
mining, and oil production.
• Jobs there pay high wages, but
few people chose to live there.
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Russian Far East
• Long coastline region along the
Pacific Ocean
• Land is heavily forested

World Geography
Chapter 16
The Caucasus
The Big Idea
In an area long ruled by outside groups, the Caucasus republics are struggling to strengthen their
economies and to deal with ethnic unrest.
Main Ideas
•Many groups have ruled and influenced the Caucasus during its long history.
•Today the Caucasus republics are working to improve their economies but struggle with ethnic
unrest and conflict.
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World Geography
Chapter 16
Main Idea 1: Many groups have ruled and influenced the Caucasus during its long
history.
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• After World War I Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia gained
independence—but not for long.
• Finally in 1991 the Caucasus republics achieved true independence
when the Soviet Union fell.

World Geography
Chapter 16
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Azerbaijan
•Capital: Baku
Azeri and most are
Muslim.
Caucasus Today
Georgia
•Capital: Tbilisi
ethnic Georgians and
most belong to Georgian
Orthodox Church.
Armenia
•Capital: Yerevan
•Almost all the people
are ethnic Armenian
and most people belong
to the Armenian
Orthodox Church.

Ch.16 russia and the caucasus

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Ch.16 russia and the caucasus