1. Jonathan R. White
www.cengage.com/cj/white
Chapter 8:
Nationalistic and Endemic
Terrorism
Rosemary Arway
Hodges University

2. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Cyprus
 Cyprus 1955-1959
o Claimed by Britain as a crown Colony after WW I.
o Greek and Turkish Cypriots had different ideas
about a post-colonial future for the island.
o George Grivas, a Greek Cypriot
 Organized a Greek Cypriot movement EOKA to
overthrow the British.
 Developed a two fold strategy:
 Encourage international sympathy for an
independent Cyprus
 Fight the British by tying up large numbers of
troops in an urban environment

3. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism
o Cyprus 1955-1959
o The British
 Responded with overwhelming force to
EOKA attacks
 Negotiated independence for the island
 The island was ultimately partitioned into
Greek and Turkish communities

4. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Algiers
 The Battle for Algiers 1954-1962
o France had ruled Algeria since the 19th
century.
o After World War II:
 Algerians hoped to negotiate a peaceful
separation from France.
 When the French refused independence, the
Algerian National Front was formed.
 The French responded with a brutal
counterinsurgency campaign.

5. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism
 The Battle for Algiers 1954-1962
o The French campaign mobilized the native
population against French rule and provoked
strong protests in France.
o Algeria received its independence in 1962
after the French lost their taste for a dirty war.
o David Galula:
 French counterinsurgency strategist
 Opposed the French approach
 His work has been influential in shaping
counterinsurgency doctrine in the United States in the
21st century.

6. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Kenya
 The Mau Mau in Kenya 1950-1960
o Kenya after WW I
 The British solidified colonial rule in Kenya and
displaced local farmers and providing land to
European farmers.
 The Kikuyu people of Kenya created the Mau Mau
organization that advocated violent resistance to
British domination in Kenya.
 British respond with force, violating the United
Nations Universal Declaration on Human Rights.
 Killings, tortures
 Creation of concentration camps

7. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Kenya
 Differed in important ways from the
movements in Cyprus and Algeria:
o It was rural.
o It was based in tribal rites and ceremonies which
sought to unify the community.
o Violence was typically marked by massacres.
o The British used overwhelming military force,
including mass detention and torture.
o The Mau Mau insurgents suffered the majority of
casualties.
o The movement was destroyed, but the result was
many of the reforms the Mau Mau had been
seeking.

8. Post World War II Anti-Colonial
Terrorism: The Russian Federation
 The Russian Federation
o Breakaway States and Crime
o Following the collapse of the Soviet Union,
three new nations – Moldova, Georgia, and
Azerbaijan – have spawned internal
separatist movements.
o Organized crime thrives in these shell
states.

9. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Chechenya
 Chechnya
o Annexed to Russia in 1859.
o Considered a nationalist revolt
o International jihadists have rallied to the Chechen
cause.
o Key Chechen leaders:
 Shamil Basayev
 Ibn al Khattab
 After their death Chechen violence has continued
o Major attacks inside Russia and former Soviet
Republics
o Chechens have used suicide bombing
 Women bombers, “Black Widows”

10. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Turkey
 Turkey
o Turkey was established as a secular
republic in 1923.
o It is a member of NATO and has
recognized the State of Israel.
o Turkey looks to Europe for economic and
cultural reasons, but Europe has resisted
welcoming Turkey into the European
Union.

11. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Turkey
 Turkey’s Struggle with Terrorism
o Turkish Hezbollah (unrelated to the
Lebanese Shiite group) seeks to
establish an Islamic state.
o El Kaida Turka, an al Qaeda offshoot,
attacked Western interests, but their
tactics backfired, with Turkish citizens
demanding a government crackdown
on the group.

12. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Kurdistan
 The Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) and Its
Alter Egos
o The PKK seeks an independent Kurdistan, including
lands that are currently parts of Turkey, Iraq and Iran.
o Initially, the PKK sought to conduct a guerilla war, but
with low popular support for its Marxist principles, turned
to campaigns of terrorism.
o Large scale massacres of the Kurdish population turned
public sentiment away from the PKK, who turned its
attention on security targets by the 1990s.
o The group has changed its political stance as well,
downplaying Marxist-Lenninist theory and emphasizing
Muslim texts to justify revolt against the secular
government of Turkey.

13. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: China
 China’s Problems in Xinjiang
o The Uighars, ethnic Turkmen, who live in
Xinjiang, seek to restore an Islamic state in
that Province.
o China links the Uighar’s interests to those of
international jihadists, but the majority of
militants are not jihadists.

14. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: India
 Sikh Separatism in India
o The Sikhs, whose religion embodies elements of
Hinduism and Islam, sought an independent state
in Punjab following the partition of India and
Pakistan in 1947.
o Following an Indian government attack on the
Golden Temple, (1984) a sacred site to Sikhs,
small groups of Sikhs formed terrorist cells.
o In response, Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi
was assassinated by his Sikh bodyguards.
o After a period of intense terrorist activity, violence
decreased without a resolution in the political
situation.

15. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Africa
 Endemic Ethnic Terror in Sub-Saharan
Africa
o Endemic terrorism refers to terrorism
created by artificial division of tribes,
families and ethnic groups.
o Countries were established by colonial
European powers without regard to tribal
and ethnic groupings.

16. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Conclusion
 Following decolonization, many
countries have experienced inter-group
terrorism including ethnic cleansing,
child armies and wars waged by self
appointed militias.
o Africa’s status as the most poverty stricken
region in the world and poor health
conditions, including the effects of the AIDS
pandemic, have made it difficult to focus on
terrorism on the continent.

17. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Oil Regions
 Oil Regions
o In the oil regions of Western Africa,
terrorism should be considered a potential
problem.
o Governments and rebel groups vie for
control in these countries, and criminal
organizations are in league with corrupt
governments.
o Liberia experienced two violent civil wars
which destabilized the country.

18. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Oil Regions
o Nigeria is economically important to the
united States because it currently provides
7% of its oil supply.
 The country is sharply divided between a
Muslim north and a Christian south. While there
is no evidence of jihadist cells currently in the
country, the potential is there.
o The tradition of rule by a Big Man poses
potential problems for diplomacy in Central
and western Africa because other countries
can enter into alliances with autocratic and
corrupt rulers.

19. Post World War II
Anti-Colonial Terrorism: Conclusion
 The United States, Britain and France have
followed different patterns of post 9/11
diplomacy.
 The United States has focused on
cooperation in the war on terror.
 Britain has focused on a moral and
humanitarian approach.
 France has maintained a special military
unit, the African Cell, to militarily support big
men, overthrow governments and protect
French interests.